Tafseer of Defrauding · Al-Mutaffifin · 83:17
Then it will be said [to them], "This is what you used to deny."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the word of the Exalted: كَلا إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأَبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ (18) (Nay! Verily, the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyīn).
He, exalted is His mention, says: ( كَلا إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ) (Nay! Verily, the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyīn). The "abrār" (the righteous) is the plural of "barr," and they are those who were dutiful toward Allah by fulfilling His obligations and abstaining from what He has forbidden. Al-Ḥasan used to say: they are those who do no evil, not even to the little ants.
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Hishām related to us, on the authority of a sheikh, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, who said: he was asked about the righteous, and he said: they are those who do no harm to the little ants.
Isḥāq ibn Zayd al-Khaṭṭābī related to us, saying: al-Firyābī related to us, on the authority of al-Sarī ibn Yaḥyā, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, who said: the righteous are those who do no harm to the little ants.
And His word: ( لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ) (is in ʿIlliyyīn). The people of exegesis differed over the meaning of ʿIlliyyūn. Some of them said: it is the seventh heaven.
* Mention of those who said that:
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Jarīr ibn Ḥāzim informed me, on the authority of al-Aʿmash, on the authority of Shimr ibn ʿAṭiyya, on the authority of Hilāl ibn Yasāf, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās asked Kaʿb — while I was present — about the ʿIlliyyūn, and Kaʿb said: it is the seventh heaven, and in it are the souls of the believers.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Yaḥyā ibn Wāḍiḥ related to us, saying: ʿUbayd Allāh — that is, al-ʿAtakī — related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ) (Verily, the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyīn), he said: in the highest heaven.
ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Azdī related to me, saying: Yaḥyā ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of Usāma ibn Zayd, on the authority of his father, concerning His word: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ), he said: in the seventh heaven.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us; both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word: ( عِلِّيِّينَ ), he said: the seventh heaven.
It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn, saying: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd informed us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word: ( لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ): in the heaven, with Allah.
And others said: nay, the ʿIlliyyūn is the right pillar of the Throne.
* Mention of those who said that:
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: ( كَلا إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ) (Nay! Verily, the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyīn): it was related to us that Kaʿb used to say: it is the right pillar of the Throne.
ʿUmar ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Mujālid related to me, saying: Muṭarrif ibn Māzin, the judge of Yemen, related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ), he said: ʿIlliyyūn is the right pillar of the Throne.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: ( فِي عِلِّيِّينَ ), he said: above the seventh heaven, at the right pillar of the Throne.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Yaʿqūb al-Qummī related to us, on the authority of Ḥafṣ, on the authority of Shimr ibn ʿAṭiyya, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās came to Kaʿb al-Aḥbār and asked him, saying: tell me about the word of Allah: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ... ) — the verses. And Kaʿb said: verily, when the believing soul is taken away, it is borne aloft, and the gates of heaven are opened for it, and the angels receive it with glad tidings; then they ascend with it until they reach the Throne, then a parchment is brought forth for it from the Throne, which is sealed with its mark as the deliverance at the reckoning on the Day of Resurrection, and the angels brought near bear witness to it.
And others said: nay, by the ʿIlliyyūn is meant the Garden (Paradise).
* Mention of those who said that:
ʿAlī related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ), he said: the Garden (Paradise).
And others said: at Sidrat al-Muntahā (the Lote-Tree of the Utmost Boundary).
* Mention of those who said that:
Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Bazūrī, of the inhabitants of Kūfa, related to me, saying: Yaʿlā ibn ʿUbayd related to us, on the authority of al-Ajlaḥ, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, who said: when the soul of the believing servant is taken away, it is borne up to heaven, and those brought near accompany it to the second heaven. Al-Ajlaḥ said: I said: and who are those brought near? He said: those who are nearest to them to the second heaven; then those brought near accompany it to the third heaven, then the fourth, then the fifth, then the sixth, then the seventh, until they arrive with it at Sidrat al-Muntahā. Al-Ajlaḥ said: I said to al-Ḍaḥḥāk: why is it called Sidrat al-Muntahā? He said: because every matter of the matter of Allah ends at it and does not pass beyond it; then it says: Lord, Your servant so-and-so — and He knows better concerning him than it does — then Allah sends them a sealed document by which He grants him security against the punishment; and that is the word of Allah: ( كَلا إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ * وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا عِلِّيُّونَ * كِتَابٌ مَرْقُومٌ * يَشْهَدُهُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ ) (Nay! Verily, the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyīn. And what will make you know what ʿIlliyyūn is? A written book, to which those brought near bear witness).
And others said: nay, by the ʿIlliyyūn is meant: in the heaven, with Allah.
* Mention of those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: ( إِنَّ كِتَابَ الأبْرَارِ لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ), he says: their deeds are in a book with Allah in the heaven.
The correct view concerning this is that one says: verily, Allah, exalted is His mention, has informed that the book of the righteous is in ʿIlliyyūn; and the ʿIlliyyūn is a plural whose meaning is: something above something, and height above height, and loftiness after loftiness. Therefore it was put in the plural with the yāʾ and the nūn, like the plural of "rijāl" (men), when it has no singular or dual form, as has been transmitted from some of the Arabs by way of heard transmission: "aṭʿamanā maraqata maraqayni," by which is meant the cooked meat, as the poet said:
"Already I have been sated, save of the little camels (al-duhaydihīnā), the little young she-camels (qalayyiṣātin) and the little young he-camels (ubaykirīnā)."
So he said "wa-ubaykirīnā" and put it in the plural with the nūn, since he did not intend a definite number of young camels, but rather a number whose end is not bounded. And as the other said:
"Thus were the paths — already had the whirlwind scattered over them, after the downpours (al-wābilīnā)."
He means: rain after rain, unbounded in number. Thus the Arabs do with every plural that has no singular or dual form: they form the plural of both all feminine and masculine words with the nūn, in the manner that we have set forth. To this also belongs their saying for men and women: "ʿishrūn" (twenty) and "thalāthūn" (thirty). If that is as we have mentioned, then it is clear that His word ( لَفِي عِلِّيِّينَ ) has the meaning: in height and loftiness, in a heaven above a heaven, and a height above a height. And it is possible that this reaches to the seventh heaven, and to Sidrat al-Muntahā, and to the pillar of the Throne; and there is no report that cuts off the excuse by determining that one part of that is meant to the exclusion of another part.
The correct view is that one says concerning this, as He, exalted is His praise, has said: verily, the book of the deeds of the righteous is in a loftiness up to a limit whose end Allah, mighty and exalted, knows, while we have no knowledge of the utmost boundary thereof, except that it is not lower than the seventh heaven, on account of the consensus of the authoritative proof among the people of exegesis concerning that.