Tafseer of The Family of Imraan · Aal-i-Imraan · 3:59
Indeed, the example of Jesus to Allah is like that of Adam. He created Him from dust; then He said to him, "Be," and he was.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of His word: إِنَّ مَثَلَ عِيسَى عِنْدَ اللَّهِ كَمَثَلِ آدَمَ خَلَقَهُ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ (3:59) (Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: "Be", and he was.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: He, exalted is His praise, means by this: truly, the comparison of ʿĪsā, with respect to My creation of him without a male procreator — so proclaim that, O Muḥammad, to the delegation of the Christians of Najrān — is with Me as the comparison of Ādam, whom I created from dust and to whom I then said: "Be", whereupon he came into being without a male procreator, without a man and without a woman. He says: My creating of ʿĪsā from his mother without a male procreator is therefore no more astonishing than My creating of Ādam without a man and without a woman, and My command when I commanded him to be, whereupon he became flesh. He says: and likewise is My creating of ʿĪsā: I commanded him to be, whereupon he was.
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The scholars of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have mentioned that Allah, mighty and exalted, sent down this verse as argumentation in favor of His Prophet ﷺ against the delegation of the Christians of Najrān who disputed with him concerning ʿĪsā.
Mention of who said that:
7160 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of ʿĀmir, who said: The people of Najrān were of all the Christians the most outspoken in their statements about ʿĪsā, and they contended with the Prophet ﷺ. Then Allah, mighty and exalted, sent down this verse in Surah Āl ʿImrān: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was", up to His word: فَنَجْعَلْ لَعْنَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَى الْكَاذِبِينَ (so that we invoke the curse of Allah upon the liars).
7161 — Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was" — and that was because a group of the people of Najrān came to Muḥammad ﷺ — and among them were the Sayyid and the ʿĀqib — and they said to Muḥammad: How is it that you bring up our companion? He said: Who is that? They said: ʿĪsā; you claim that he is a servant of Allah! Then Muḥammad said: Indeed, he is a servant of Allah. They said to him: Have you ever seen anyone like ʿĪsā, or has anything of the sort been reported to you? Then they departed from him, and Jibrīl ﷺ came to him with the command of our Lord, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, and said: Say to them when they come to you: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam", to the end of the verse.
7162 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was". It has been mentioned to us that the two lords of the people of Najrān and their two bishops, the Sayyid and the ʿĀqib, met the Prophet of Allah ﷺ and questioned him about ʿĪsā. They said: Every human being has a father; how is it then that ʿĪsā has no father? Then Allah, mighty and exalted, sent down concerning this this verse: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was".
7163 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust" — when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had been sent and the people of Najrān heard of him, a group of four men of their notables came to him. Among them were: the ʿĀqib, the Sayyid, and Mā Sarjis, and Mār Yaḥz. They asked him what he said about ʿĪsā, and he said: He is a servant of Allah, His spirit and His word. They said: No! Rather, he is Allah Himself, descended from His kingdom and entered into the belly of Maryam, then come forth from her, and thus He has shown us His power and His decree! Have you ever seen a human being created without a father? Then Allah, mighty and exalted, sent down: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was".
7164 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿIkrima, concerning His word: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was", he said: It was sent down concerning the ʿĀqib and the Sayyid of the people of Najrān, and they were both Christians. Ibn Jurayj said: It has reached us that the Christians of the people of Najrān sent their delegation to the Prophet ﷺ, among them the Sayyid and the ʿĀqib, who on that day were the two lords of the people of Najrān. They said: O Muḥammad, why do you revile our companion? He said: Who is your companion? They said: ʿĪsā, the son of Maryam; you claim that he is a servant! The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: Indeed, he is a servant of Allah and His word, which He cast unto Maryam, and a spirit from Him. Then they became angry and said: If you are truthful, then show us a servant who revives the dead, heals the one born blind, and forms out of clay something in the shape of a bird and then blows into it — [as] the verse [says] — but no, he is Allah. Then he fell silent, until Jibrīl came to him and said: O Muḥammad: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ [Surah al-Māʾida: 17, 72] (Truly, those who said that Allah is the Masīḥ, the son of Maryam, have disbelieved), [to the end of] the verse. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: O Jibrīl, they have asked me to inform them about the likeness of ʿĪsā. Jibrīl said: The likeness of ʿĪsā is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: "Be", and he was. When morning came and they returned, he recited the verses to them.
7165 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar ibn al-Zubayr: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah" — so listen — "is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was. The truth is from your Lord, so be not of the doubters." So if they say: ʿĪsā was created without a male procreator, then I created Ādam from dust by that same power, without a woman and without a man, and he became as ʿĪsā became: flesh, blood, hair and skin. The creation of ʿĪsā without a man is therefore no more astonishing than this.
7166 — Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning the word of Allah, mighty and exalted: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust", he said: Two men from Najrān came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said to him: Do you know of anyone who was ever born without a male procreator, such that ʿĪsā would be just like that? He said: Then Allah, mighty and exalted, sent down: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be', and he was". Did Ādam have a father or a mother?! As I created this one [ʿĪsā] in the belly of that one [Maryam].
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Abū Jaʿfar said: If someone were to say: How can He say "as the likeness of Ādam: He created him", while "Ādam" is a definite (determined) noun, and definite nouns do not take a relative clause (ṣila)?
Then it is answered: Truly, His word "He created him from dust" is not a relative clause to "Ādam", but rather it is an elucidation of his matter by way of explanation (tafsīr) of the likeness which He has set forth, and how it was.
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As for His word "then He said to him: 'Be', and he is" — He said "and he is" [in the imperfect present tense], whereas He had begun with the report about the creation of Ādam, and that is a report about a matter already completed, and He brought the report about it in the form of a report about what has already passed, and He said, exalted is His praise: "He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be'", because it has the meaning of Allah instructing His Prophet that His bringing things into existence occurs through His word "Be", and then He said: "and he is", as a newly commenced report, while the report about the matter of Ādam had already ended at His word: "Be".
The interpretation of the statement is therefore: "Truly, the likeness of ʿĪsā with Allah is as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be'", and know, O Muḥammad, that whatever your Lord says to a thing — "Be" — that shall be.
Since in His word "as the likeness of Ādam: He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be'" there lay an indication that what is meant by the statement is the instructing of the Prophet of Allah ﷺ and the rest of the creatures that there shall be whatever He brings into existence from the very outset, without origin, without anything preceding and without raw material, one could suffice with the indication contained in the statement for the meaning, and it was said: "and he is", whereby the imperfect present tense is coupled to the perfect past tense in accordance with that meaning.
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Some of the Arabic linguists have said: "and he is" stands in the nominative on the grounds of a new beginning (ibtidāʾ), and its meaning is: "Be", and he was, as though He said: and then he is existent.