Tafseer of The Family of Imraan · Aal-i-Imraan · 3:138
This [Qur'an] is a clear statement to [all] the people and a guidance and instruction for those conscious of Allah.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His statement: قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ سُنَنٌ فَسِيرُوا فِي الأَرْضِ فَانْظُروا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُكَذِّبِينَ (137) ("Already before you there have passed customary ways of acting; so travel through the earth and see how the end was of those who cried lies.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: He — exalted be His mention — means by His statement "already before you there have passed sunan": there have passed and elapsed customary practices on My part among those who were before you, O company of the Companions of Muḥammad ﷺ and the people of faith in him, such as the people of ʿĀd and Thamūd, the people of Hūd and the people of Lūṭ, and others among the preceding communities before you — "sunan," that is to say: exemplary punishments that were carried out among them and among those who declared the prophets sent to them to be liars, in that I granted the deniers among them respite and led them gradually to ruin, until the prescribed lot among them reached its term which I had appointed for granting their prophets and the people of faith in them the upper hand over them; thereafter I caused My punishment to descend upon them and sent My vengeance down upon their courtyard, and left them for whoever came after them as examples and lessons — "so travel through the earth and see how the end was of those who cried lies," He says: so travel — O you who suppose that My granting the upper hand to whomever I have granted it among the people of shirk on the day of Uḥud against Muḥammad and his Companions is something other than a gradual leading to ruin on My part of whoever assigns associates to Me, disbelieves in My messengers, and contradicts My command — through the dwelling-places of the communities that were before you, who were in a state like that of these deniers of My messenger and these deniers of My oneness, and see how the end was of their crying lies against My prophets, and to what the consequence of their contradicting My command and their denial of My oneness led; then you will thereby know that My granting the upper hand to whomever I have granted it among the polytheists over My prophet Muḥammad and his Companions at Uḥud is only a gradual leading to ruin and a respite, so that the prescribed lot may reach its term which I have appointed for them. Thereafter, either their state will issue in the like of that in which the state of the communities who preceded them issued: the hastening of the punishment upon them, or else they will turn to My obedience and the following of My messenger.
* * *
And in accordance with what we have said concerning this, the exegetes have spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
7867 — Muḥammad ibn Sinān related to us, saying: Abū Bakr related to us, saying: ʿAbbād related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan concerning his statement: "already before you there have passed sunan; so travel through the earth and see how the end was of those who cried lies," he said: have you not travelled through the earth and seen how Allah punished the people of Nūḥ, the people of Lūṭ, the people of Ṣāliḥ, and the communities which Allah — mighty and exalted is He — punished?
7868 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning his statement: "already before you there have passed sunan," he says: concerning the disbelievers and the believers, and the good and the evil.
7869 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: "already before you there have passed sunan," concerning the believers and the disbelievers.
7870 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, he said: He began with the mention of the calamity that had befallen them — he means the Muslims on the day of Uḥud — and the trial that overtook them, and the purification of what was in them, and His taking of martyrs from among them, and He said, consoling them and making known to them what they had done and what He would do with them: "already before you there have passed sunan; so travel through the earth and see how the end was of those who cried lies," that is to say: already there have passed acts of vengeance from Me among the people of crying lies against My messengers and of shirk against Me: ʿĀd, Thamūd, the people of Lūṭ, and the dwellers of Madyan; so travel through the earth, then you will see exemplary punishments that have been carried out among them, and among whoever was in a state like that in which they were, on My part — even though I granted them respite — so that you should not suppose that My vengeance upon your enemy and My enemy has ceased, on account of the upper hand which I have granted them over you, by which I try you, so that I may know what is with you.
7871 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning his statement: "already before you there have passed sunan; so travel through the earth and see how the end was of those who cried lies," he says: He let them enjoy a little in this worldly life, and thereafter caused them to end up in the Fire.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: As for "al-sunan": it is the plural of "sunna," and "al-sunna" is the followed example and the guide to whom one turns. One says of that: "so-and-so instituted among us a good sunna, and he instituted a bad sunna," when he performs a deed in which he is followed, of good or of evil. Of that is the statement of Labīd ibn Rabīʿa:
Belonging to a company whose fathers set for them an example — and every people has its sunna and its guide.
And the statement of Sulaymān ibn Qatta:
And indeed, those who were at al-Ṭaff, of the family of Hāshim, consoled one another, and thus instituted mutual consolation as an example for the noble.
* * *
And Ibn Zayd said something concerning that:
7872 — Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning his statement: "already before you there have passed sunan," he said: examples.
* * *
The discourse on the explanation of His statement — mighty and exalted is He: هَذَا بَيَانٌ لِلنَّاسِ وَهُدًى وَمَوْعِظَةٌ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ (138) ("This is a clarification for mankind, and a guidance and an admonition for the God-fearing.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: The exegetes differed concerning the meaning to which "this" refers.
Some of them said: by His statement "this" the Qurʾān is meant.
* Mention of who said that:
7873 — Muḥammad ibn Sinān related to us, saying: Abū Bakr al-Ḥanafī related to us, saying: ʿAbbād related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan concerning his statement: "this is a clarification for mankind and a guidance and an admonition for the God-fearing," he said: this is the Qurʾān.
7874 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning his statement: "this is a clarification for mankind," and it is this Qurʾān; Allah made it a clarification for mankind in general, and a guidance and an admonition for the God-fearing in particular.
7875 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, he said concerning his statement: "this is a clarification for mankind and a guidance and an admonition for the God-fearing," in particular.
7876 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Suwayd related to us, saying: Ibn al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj concerning his statement: "this is a clarification for mankind and a guidance and an admonition for the God-fearing," in particular.
* * *
Others said: by His statement "this" reference is made only to His statement: قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ سُنَنٌ فَسِيرُوا فِي الأَرْضِ فَانْظُروا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُكَذِّبِينَ ; thereafter He said: this which I have made known to you, O company of the Companions of Muḥammad, is a clarification for mankind.
* Mention of who said that:
7877 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, with that.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: And the more correct of the two statements concerning that, in my view, is the statement of whoever said: His statement "this" is a reference to what preceded this verse, namely Allah's — exalted be His praise — admonition to the believers, the making known to them of His limits, and the urging of them to hold fast to His obedience and to persevere in the struggle against His enemies and their enemies. For His statement "this" is a reference to something present: either something visible or something audible, and it is in this place a reference to something audible and present from the preceding verses.
The meaning of the words is therefore: this which I have clarified and made known to you is a clarification for mankind — He means by "the clarification" (al-bayān) the elucidation and the explanation, as in:
7878 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: "this is a clarification for mankind," that is to say: this is an explanation for mankind, if they accept it.
7879 — Aḥmad ibn Ḥāzim and al-Muthannā related to us, both of them saying: Abū Nuʿaym related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Bayān, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī: "this is a clarification for mankind," he said: against blindness.
7880 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, the like of it.
* * *
As for His statement "and a guidance and an admonition": He means by "the guidance" (al-hudā) the directing toward the way of truth and the path of the religion, and by "the admonition" (al-mawʿiẓa) the urging toward what is right and upright, as in:
7881 — Aḥmad ibn Ḥāzim and al-Muthannā related to us, both of them saying: Abū Nuʿaym related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Bayān, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī: "and a guidance," he said: against error — "and an admonition," against ignorance.
7882 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Bayān, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, the like of it.
7883 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: "for the God-fearing," that is to say: for whoever obeyed Me and knew My command.