Tafseer of The Believers · Al-Muminoon · 23:20
And [We brought forth] a tree issuing from Mount Sinai which produces oil and food for those who eat.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
He, exalted be His remembrance, says: We also caused to grow for you a tree that comes forth from Mount Sīnāʾ — "a tree" stands in apposition to the gardens — and what is meant by it is: the olive tree.
His word: تَخْرُجُ مِنْ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ (coming forth from Mount Sīnāʾ) — He says: coming forth from a mountain that produces trees.
The meaning of "al-ṭūr" (the mountain) I have set out in the foregoing with its proofs, together with the disagreements of those who differed, in such a way that there is no need to repeat it here.
As for His word: سَيْنَاءَ — the Qurʾān reciters differed in its reading. The majority of the reciters of Medina and Basra read: "sīnāʾ" (سِيناء) with kasra under the sīn. The majority of the Kūfan reciters read: "saynāʾ" (سَيْنَاءَ) with fatḥa on the sīn, but all agree that it is pronounced with lengthening.
The correct judgment in this matter is that these are two well-known readings in the recitations of the various cities, with one and the same meaning; whichever of the two one recites, he is correct.
The exegetes differed in its interpretation. Some said: its meaning is "blessed" (mubārak), as if the import of the text according to them is: a tree that comes forth from a blessed mountain.
*Mention of who said this:*
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word: طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — he said: the blessed one.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — likewise.
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: وَشَجَرَةً تَخْرُجُ مِنْ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — he said: it is a mountain in Syria, blessed.
Others said: its meaning is "beautiful" (ḥasan).
*Mention of who said this:*
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — he said: it is a beautiful mountain.
It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn, saying: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd informed us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word: مِنْ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — al-ṭūr is "mountain" in Nabataean, and sīnāʾ is "beautiful" in Nabataean.
Others said: it is the name of a well-known mountain.
*Mention of who said this:*
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ al-Khurāsānī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: مِنْ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — he said: the mountain from which Moses ﷺ was addressed.
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word: طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ — he said: it is the mountain al-Ṭūr which lies in Syria, a mountain near Jerusalem; he said: it is lengthened; it lies between Egypt and Ayla.
Others said: its meaning is that it is a mountain with trees.
*Mention of who said this:*
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of the one who said it.
The correct judgment in this matter is to say: sīnāʾ is a name added to the mountain in order to distinguish it thereby, as one says: the two mountains of Ṭayy, which are then added to Ṭayy. Were the judgment in this matter as the one who said: its meaning is "a blessed mountain," or as the one who said: its meaning is "beautiful," then al-ṭūr would be without tanwīn, and "sīnāʾ" would then function as its attribute — on the grounds that sīnāʾ has the meaning of "blessed" and "beautiful." But that sīnāʾ has the meaning of "blessed" or "beautiful" is not known in Arabic, such that it could function as an attribute of the mountain. The correct judgment is, God willing, as Ibn ʿAbbās said: that it is a mountain distinguished thereby, and that it is the mountain from which Moses ﷺ was addressed; and that it is also blessed — but not because "sīnāʾ" has the meaning of "blessed."
His word: تَنْبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ (it grows with the oil) — the Qurʾān reciters differed in the reading of the word تُنْبِتُ . The majority of the reciters of the various cities read: تَنْبُتُ with fatḥa on the tāʾ, with the meaning: this tree grows with the fruit of the oil. Some Basran reciters read: تُنْبِتُ with ḍamma on the tāʾ, with the meaning: it produces the oil, it brings it forth. And it has been transmitted that in the reading of ʿAbd Allāh it reads: تُخْرِجُ الدُّهْنَ (it brings forth the oil). They said: the bāʾ in this verse is an additional bāʾ (zāʾida), as one says: "I seized his garment" and "I seized by his garment," and as the rajaz-poet said:
*We are the sons of Jaʿda, the masters of al-Falaj — we strike with the white swords and hope for the deliverance,*
with the meaning: and we hope for the deliverance. The judgment, in my view, is that these are two dialectal variants: "nabata" (نَبَتَ) and "anbata" (أَنْبَتَ); from "anbata" is the word of Zuhayr:
*I saw the people of needs around their houses — guests, until the green came up.*
And there is also the transmission: "nabata" — and this is like His word: فَأَسْرِ بِأَهْلِكَ and "fasri" (both: set out by night with your family). But even though this is so, I nevertheless do not prefer any reading other than تَنْبُتُ with fatḥa on the tāʾ — because of the agreement of the majority of the authoritative Qurʾān scholars (al-Ḥujja) among the reciters upon it. Its meaning is: this tree grows with the fruit of the oil.
As Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: تَنْبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ — he said: with its fruit.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — likewise.
The oil which is its fruit is the olive oil, as ʿAlī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: تَنْبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ — he said: that is the olive oil; one eats of it and anoints oneself with it.
His word: وَصِبْغٍ لِلآكِلِينَ (and a relish for the eaters) — He says: it grows with the oil and with a relish for the eaters, who use the olive oil as a relish for those who eat it.
As Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word وَصِبْغٍ لِلآكِلِينَ — he said: this olive is a relish (ṣibgh) for the eaters; one dips bread in it and uses it as a relish.
Abū Jaʿfar said: "al-ṣibgh" stands in apposition to "al-duhn" (the oil).