Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:257
Allah is the ally of those who believe. He brings them out from darknesses into the light. And those who disbelieve - their allies are Taghut. They take them out of the light into darknesses. Those are the companions of the Fire; they will abide eternally therein.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of His word: اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ مِنَ النُّورِ إِلَى الظُّلُمَاتِ
(Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light. And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light into the darknesses.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted — whose praise is proclaimed — means by His word "Allah is the Protector of those who believe": their helper and their support; He shows them mercy through His aid and His support toward the good = "He brings them out of the darknesses," by which is meant:
He brings them out of the darknesses of disbelief (kufr) into the light of faith (īmān). By "the darknesses" disbelief is meant in this place. And "the darknesses" are here set as an image for disbelief, because the darknesses prevent the faculty of sight from perceiving and ascertaining things; and likewise disbelief prevents the sight of hearts from perceiving the realities of faith and knowing its correctness and the correctness of its grounds. Thus the Exalted — whose praise is proclaimed — has informed His servants that He is the Protector of the believers, and that He makes them behold the reality of faith, its ways, its precepts, and its proofs, and that He is their Guide, who leads them to the good by means of His proofs that remove doubts from them, by removing from them the causes of disbelief, and the darkness that is veiled [over] the eyes of the hearts.
Then the Exalted — whose praise is proclaimed — informed about the people who disbelieve in Him, and said: "And those who disbelieve," by which are meant those who deny His Oneness = "their protectors," by which are meant their helpers and their support who show them care = "the Ṭāghūt," by which are meant the associate-partners and the idols that they worship besides Allah = "they bring them out of the light into the darknesses," wherein by "the light" faith is meant, as we have explained = "into the darknesses," and by "the darknesses" are meant the darknesses of disbelief and its doubts, which stand between the eyes of the hearts and the seeing of the radiance of faith and the realities of its proofs and its ways.
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And in accordance with what we have said about this, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have spoken:
* Mention of who said that:
5856 — Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: "Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light," he says: from error to right guidance = "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt," Satan = "they bring them out of the light into the darknesses," he says: from right guidance to error.
5857 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: Abū Zuhayr related to us, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk: "Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light" — the darknesses: disbelief, and the light: faith = "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light into the darknesses," they bring them out of faith into disbelief.
5858 — It was related to me on the authority of ʿAmmār, saying: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, concerning His word — the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed —: "Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light," he says: from disbelief to faith = "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light into the darknesses," he says: from faith to disbelief.
5859 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of ʿAbda ibn Abī Lubāba, on the authority of Mujāhid or Miqsam, concerning the word of Allah: "Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light. And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light into the darknesses," he said: There was a people who believed in ʿĪsā, and a people who rejected him; and when Allah sent Muhammad ﷺ, those who had disbelieved in ʿĪsā believed in him, and those who had believed in ʿĪsā rejected him = that is to say: He brings out those who disbelieved in ʿĪsā into belief in Muhammad ﷺ = "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt," they believed in ʿĪsā and rejected Muhammad ﷺ = He said: "they bring them out of the light into the darknesses."
5860 — Al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Al-Ḥajjāj ibn al-Minhāl related to us, saying: Al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, saying: I heard Manṣūr, on the authority of a man, on the authority of ʿAbda ibn Abī Lubāba, who said concerning this verse: "Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the darknesses into the light," up to أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ (They are the inhabitants of the Fire; therein they will abide eternally), he said: They are those who had believed in ʿĪsā ibn Maryam, and when Muhammad ﷺ came to them, they rejected him, and concerning them this verse was sent down.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And this statement that we have related from Mujāhid and ʿAbda ibn Abī Lubāba indicates that the meaning of the verse is specific, and that — if the matter is as we have described — it was sent down concerning whoever among the Christians disbelieved in Muhammad ﷺ, and concerning whoever believed in Muhammad ﷺ among the idolaters who did not acknowledge the prophethood of ʿĪsā, and the remaining religious communities whose adherents denied ʿĪsā.
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And if someone were to say: Were the Christians then upon the right path before Muhammad ﷺ was sent, and did they then deny him?
Then it is answered: Whoever among them stood upon the creed of ʿĪsā ibn Maryam ﷺ, that one was upon the right path, and it is precisely them that Allah — the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed — meant by His word: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا آمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ (O you who believe, believe in Allah and His Messenger) [An-Nisāʾ: 136].
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And if someone were to say: Is it possible that by His word "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light into the darknesses" others are meant than those whom Mujāhid and ʿAbda named — namely that by it they meant the believers in ʿĪsā, or others than the people of apostasy (ridda) and Islam?
Then it is answered: Yes, it is possible that the meaning of it is: and those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt, who stand between them and faith, and lead them astray so that they become disbelievers; thus their leading-astray of them until they become disbelievers would be a "bringing out" of them from faith, that is to say: their holding them back from faith, and their depriving them of the good of it, even if they had not previously been in it. It is like the statement of a man: "My father excluded me from his inheritance," when he gave it during his lifetime into the possession of another, and thus deprived him of his share of it = whereas the one who says this never possessed this inheritance such that he could be put out of it; but because he was deprived of it and a separation was set between him and what would have been his had he not been deprived of it, it is said: "he put him out of it." And it is like the statement of someone: "So-and-so informed me out of his regiment," by which is meant: he did not make me among its members, whereas he was never part of it before. Likewise His word "they bring them out of the light into the darknesses" may possibly be understood such that their bringing them out of faith into disbelief is in this sense — even though what Mujāhid and others have said seems to correspond most with the interpretation of the verse.
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And if someone were to say to us: How could He say "And those who disbelieve — their protectors are the Ṭāghūt; they bring them out of the light," and put the report about "the Ṭāghūt" in the plural with His word "they bring them out," while "the Ṭāghūt" is singular?
Then it is answered: "The Ṭāghūt" is a name for a group and for a single one, and it can be made plural as "ṭawāghīt." And when its singular and its plural are expressed with one and the same word, that is comparable to their expression: "a just man (rajul ʿadl) and a just people (qawm ʿadl)," and "a man who breaks the fast (rajul fiṭr) and a people who break the fast (qawm fiṭr)," and what resembles that among names whose singular and plural come in the wording in the form of a single unit, and as al-ʿAbbās ibn Mirdās said:
We said: "Submit, we are your brother, for the breasts have now become free of rancor."
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The explanation of His word: أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ (257)
(They are the inhabitants of the Fire; therein they will abide eternally.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted — whose praise is proclaimed — means by it: these who disbelieve = "the inhabitants of the Fire," the people of the Fire who will abide eternally therein — that is to say: in the fire of Hell (jahannam) — and not others among the people of faith, without end and without limit, forever.