Tafseer of Mary · Maryam · 19:23
And the pains of childbirth drove her to the trunk of a palm tree. She said, "Oh, I wish I had died before this and was in oblivion, forgotten."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
His statement فَأَجَاءَهَا الْمَخَاضُ إِلَى جِذْعِ النَّخْلَةِ (Then the pangs of childbirth drove her to the trunk of a palm tree): Allah the Exalted says: the pangs of childbirth brought her to the trunk of the palm tree. It is said: when the bāʾ was omitted, the form "ajāʾahā" was used — just as one says: "ataytu-ka bi-Zayd" (I brought Zayd to you); when the bāʾ is omitted, one says "ātaytu-ka Zaydan," as Allah the Exalted says آتُونِي زُبَرَ الْحَدِيدِ (the meaning being: with pieces of iron), but the alif is lengthened upon the omission of the bāʾ. Just as one says: "kharajtu bihi wa-akhrajtuhu" (I went out with it / I brought it out), and "dhahabtu bihi wa-adhahabtuhu" — it concerns the "afʿala" form of "al-majīʾ" (coming), as one says: "jāʾa huwa" (he came), and "ajʾtu-hu anā" (I brought him). An Arab proverb runs: "How wretched is the path that drives me to the marrow of a knee-joint." One also says: "sharra mā yujīʾu-ka wa-yushīʾu-ka ilā dhālik" — and from this comes the verse of Zuhayr:
"And a guest who deliberately journeyed toward you, whom fear and hope made come hither."
That is to say: made him come. "Ajāʾa-hu ilaynā" and "ashāʾa-ka" are an expression of the Banū Tamīm dialect; "ajāʾa-ka" is an expression of the people of the highlands. Those who explained the word as meaning "she compelled her" (aljāʾahā) did so because the pangs of childbirth made her come to the trunk of the palm tree and drove her there, as it were.
In accordance with what we have said spoke the exegetes.
* The transmission of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — regarding His statement فَأَجَاءَهَا الْمَخَاضُ : he said: The pangs of childbirth compelled her.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — he said: The pangs of childbirth compelled her. Ibn Jurayj said: Ibn ʿAbbās said: The pangs of childbirth drove her to the trunk of the palm tree.
Mūsā related to us, saying: ʿAmr related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī — regarding فَأَجَاءَهَا الْمَخَاضُ إِلَى جِذْعِ النَّخْلَةِ : he said: The pangs of childbirth drove her to the trunk of the palm tree.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — regarding His statement فَأَجَاءَهَا الْمَخَاضُ إِلَى جِذْعِ النَّخْلَةِ : he said: It pressed her toward the trunk of the palm tree.
The exegetes differed concerning the place to which Maryam withdrew with ʿĪsā to give birth, and to which the pangs of childbirth drove her. Some said: that was at the edge of the land of Egypt, at the end of the land of Syria, because she had fled from her people when she had become pregnant and had turned in the direction of Egypt.
* The transmission of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn Sahl related to us, saying: Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Ṣamad ibn Maʿqil related to me — he heard Wahb ibn Munabbih say: When Maryam had become pregnant, there was with her a kinsman named Yūsuf the carpenter; they went together to the mosque by Mount Ṣahyūn (Zion), and that mosque was at that time one of their greatest mosques. Maryam and Yūsuf served that mosque; whoever served it gained great merit. They were diligent in it. Yūsuf was the first to notice Maryam's pregnancy; when he saw what was with her, he found it abhorrent and was greatly troubled by it. He did not know how to understand her situation. Whenever he wished to accuse her, he thought of her piety and purity and of the fact that she had not departed from his side for a moment; but whenever he wished to absolve her, he saw what she displayed. When it lay heavy upon his heart, he addressed her. His first words were: "Something has arisen in me concerning your affair that fills me with fear. I have tried to quell it and conceal it within myself, but I have not succeeded; I thought that speaking of it would give my breast more rest." She said: "Then say something good." He said: "That is exactly what I am doing. Tell me: does vegetation grow without seed?" She said: "Yes." He said: "And does a tree sprout without rain?" She said: "Yes." He said: "And is there a child without a man?" She said: "Yes. Did you not know that Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, on the day He created creation, made the vegetation grow without seed? And that seed comes only from that vegetation which Allah made grow without seed? And did you not know that Allah, by His power, made a tree grow without rain, and then made the rain a means of life for the tree after He had created each of the two separately? Or do you say: Allah could not make the tree grow without the aid of water; had it not been there, He could not have made it grow?" Yūsuf said to her: "This I do not say; rather I know that Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, by His power over what He wills, says to a thing: 'Be!' — and it is." Maryam said: "Did you not know that Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, created Ādam and his wife without a man and without a woman?" He said: "Indeed." When she said this to him, it came home to him that what was with her was from Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, and that it was not for him to question her about it, because he saw her concealment. Thereafter Yūsuf took upon himself the service of the mosque and relieved her of all the tasks, on account of the delicacy of her body, the yellowness of her color, the blotches on her face, the protrusion of her belly, the weakness of her strength, and the fixedness of her gaze — for previously Maryam had not been so. When her delivery drew near, Allah revealed to her: depart from the land of your people, for if they get hold of you, they will revile you and kill your child. She communicated this to her sister, who at that time was pregnant and had been graced with Yaḥyā. When they met, what the mother of Yaḥyā carried in her belly fell down upon his face, in prostration, in acknowledgment of ʿĪsā. Yūsuf brought Maryam on his donkey to the land of Egypt — such that there was nothing between her and the saddle when she mounted — until, when he was at the edge of Egypt and the farthest extremity of the land of her people, the pangs of childbirth overcame Maryam; she was driven to the donkey's feeding-trough and the trunk of a palm tree, and that at a time which I think — the doubt is from Abū Jaʿfar — was cold or hot. The pangs of childbirth became severe for Maryam; when she felt the pain, she fled to the palm tree and embraced it, and the angels surrounded her, standing arrayed in rows around her.
There is also another transmission from Wahb ibn Munabbih, related from him via Ibn Ḥumayd — he said: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of a trustworthy person, on the authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih — he said: When her delivery came, she left the city westward from Jerusalem (Īliyāʾ), until the birth overcame her in a village six miles from Jerusalem, called Bayt Laḥm (Bethlehem); the pangs of childbirth drove her to the foot of a palm tree, beside a feeding-trough of a cow, by a small stream of water; she bore him there.
Others said: when the delivery of the child in her belly drew near, she went to the eastern side of the sanctuary and betook herself to its farthest part, and the pangs of childbirth drove her to the trunk of the palm tree. This is the view of al-Suddī, and its transmission has already been mentioned above.
Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā ibn Abī Zāʾida related to me, saying: Ḥajjāj related to us, saying: Ibn Jurayj said: Al-Mughīra ibn ʿUthmān informed me — he said: I heard Ibn ʿAbbās say: She had scarcely become pregnant before she gave birth.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, and Ibn Jurayj said: al-Mughīra ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh informed me that he heard Ibn ʿAbbās say: She had scarcely conceived before she gave birth.
His statement يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَذَا — it is reported that she said this during the throes of labor, out of shame before the people.
As Mūsā related to us, saying: ʿAmr related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī — he said: She said this during the throes of labor out of shame before the people: يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَذَا وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا — that is to say: Would that I had found death before this distress that I am now undergoing, and the grief on account of my bearing a child without a husband, and that I had been a forgotten thing, let go and left behind without being sought — like the cast-off cloths of a menstruating woman: when they are thrown away, they are no longer sought and no longer thought of. So too is everything that is forgotten and left behind without being sought: that is "nasiyy." "Nasiyy" with a fatḥa on the nūn and "nisiyy" with a kasra are two well-known dialectal forms of the Arabs with the same meaning, just like "al-watr" and "al-witr," and "al-jasr" and "al-jisr"; both are correct. With the kasra read most of the reciters of the Ḥijāz, Medina, Basra, and some of Kūfa; with the fatḥa read the Kūfan reciters. A poet said:
"As though in the earth she seeks a forgotten thing, when she departs; and if you address her, she answers you."
"Taquṣṣuhu" means: she seeks it, for she had forgotten it until it disappeared, then she remembered it and sought it. "Tablat" means: she answers and speaks the truth. One could also explain "al-nasiyy" as the root of forgetting (al-nisyān), for the Arabs say, as has been transmitted: "nasiytu-hu nisyānan wa-nasiyyan" (I forgot him, with two forms), just as some say: "min ṭāʿat al-Rabb wa-ʿaṣī al-shayṭān" (out of obedience to the Lord and disobedience to the devil) — where ʿaṣī has the meaning of ʿiṣyān. Likewise the Arabs say: "ataytahu ityānan wa-atiyyan." His statement مَنْسِيًّا is a passive participle from "nasītu al-shayʾa" — as though she said: would that I had been something that was left lying, forgotten, and no longer sought.
In accordance with what we have said spoke the exegetes.
* The transmission of those who said this:
Al-Qāsim related to me, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, who said: ʿAṭāʾ al-Khurāsānī informed me on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — regarding His statement يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَذَا وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : not to have been created, and to have been nothing.
Mūsā related to us, saying: ʿAmr related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī — regarding وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : he said: "nasiyy" — my remembrance is forgotten; "mansiyy" — she says: my trace is forgotten, so that no trace or presence of me is seen.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — regarding وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : that is to say: something that is not known and is not mentioned.
Al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda — regarding His statement وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : he said: not known, and not knowing who I am.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ ibn Anas — regarding نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : he said: A miscarriage.
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said, regarding His statement يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَذَا وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا : Never to have been anything on earth.