Tafseer of The Cave · Al-Kahf · 18:15
These, our people, have taken besides Him deities. Why do they not bring for [worship of] them a clear authority? And who is more unjust than one who invents about Allah a lie?"
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Discussion of the interpretation of His statement, the Exalted: هَؤُلاءِ قَوْمُنَا اتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ آلِهَةً لَوْلا يَأْتُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِسُلْطَانٍ بَيِّنٍ فَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا (15) (These, our people, have taken gods besides Him. Why do they not bring a clear proof for them? Who is more unjust than he who invents a lie against Allah? (18:15))
He, exalted is His remembrance, says, reporting what the youths who were the companions of the Cave said: these, our people, have taken besides Allah gods whom they worship apart from Him. لَوْلا يَأْتُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِسُلْطَانٍ بَيِّنٍ (Why do they not bring a clear proof for them?) — He says: why do they not bring a clear argument for their worship of them? In the statement there is an ellipsis, where one has been content with the manifest in relation to what has been omitted, and that is in His statement: لَوْلا يَأْتُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِسُلْطَانٍ بَيِّنٍ (Why do they not bring a clear proof for them?). The hāʾ and the mīm in "ʿalayhim" (for them) refer back to the gods; and no proof is brought for the gods, nor is proof for them demanded. It is rather their worshippers from whom proof for their worship of those gods is demanded. So it is known, since the matter is thus, that the meaning of the statement is: why do they not bring a clear proof for their worship of those gods, and for their taking those gods besides Allah?
And in accordance with what we have said concerning the meaning of "al-sulṭān" (the proof), the people of interpretation have spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His statement لَوْلا يَأْتُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِسُلْطَانٍ بَيِّنٍ (Why do they not bring a clear proof for them?); he says: with a clear justification.
And by His statement, exalted is His remembrance, فَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا (Who is more unjust than he who invents a lie against Allah?) He meant:
and who is more grievous in transgression and in ascribing partners to Allah (shirk) than he who fabricates, and so pours out against Allah a mendacious invention, and identifies for Allah, in His sovereignty, a partner whom he worships besides Him and takes as a god?
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The footnotes:
(1) The verse is not attributed to any poet. Al-liqāḥ: these are the milk-giving she-camels, which give birth at the beginning of spring and then become "liqāḥ"; the singular is "liqḥa" (with fatḥa or kasra on the lām), and they remain "liqāḥ" until the summer turns away from them. "Tarawwaḥat": they returned from their pastures to their resting place; or "tarawwaḥat": the wind struck them. "Al-hadaj" (with sukūn on the dāl) is the verbal noun of "hadaja, yahdiju, hadajan and hadajānan", and that is soft walking in weakness. One says: "hadaja al-ẓalīm yahdiju hadajānan" (the male ostrich walked waddling). "Al-riʾāl": the plural of "raʾl", and that is the chick of the ostrich; some have restricted it to the one-year-old chick. One says in its plural: "arʾul", "riʾlān", "riʾāl" and "riʾāla". "Takubbuhunna": she casts them upon their breasts onto the ground. "Al-shamāl": the wind that blows from the direction of the north. He compared the gait of the milk-camels upon their return to their resting place with the waddling of the ostrich chicks, which is a weak gait; he means that the milk-camels at that time waddle in their gait just as the ostrich chicks waddle when the north wind drives them on.
The point of evidence lies in his statement "takubbuhunna shimālan" (she casts them down [by] a north wind), for "shimālan" stands in the accusative as tamyīz (specification), and it is transformed from the subject; the original form is "takubbuhunna shimālun". This is analogous to the accusative of the word in His, the Exalted, statement كَبُرَتْ كَلِمَةً (Great is it as a word), for "kalima" stands in the accusative as tamyīz, and it is a tamyīz of relation, transformed from the subject; the original form is "kaburat kalima" (with the nominative).
(2) The verse is in the Dīwān of Dhū al-Rumma, Cambridge edition 1919, p. 251, from the thirty-second poem, which numbers seventy-eight verses. "Al-bākhiʿ": the slayer; and "naḥatahu": I directed it and turned it away. The verse belongs to the evidentiary citations of Abū ʿUbayda in Majāz al-Qurʾān (1: 393); he said: فَلَعَلَّكَ بَاخِعٌ نَفْسَكَ (Perhaps you will destroy yourself): destroying yourself. Dhū al-Rumma said: "Alā ayyu hādhā..." — the verse.
That is to say: "naḥatahu" with gemination. And one says "bakhaʿtu lahu nafsī wa-nuṣḥī": that is, I exerted myself for him. Al-Farrāʾ said in Maʿānī al-Qurʾān (folio 183 of the photocopy of the University, no. 24059): "bākhiʿ nafsaka": exhausting yourself and killing yourself — end. And in (al-Lisān, entry bakhaʿ): "bakhaʿa nafsahu yabkhaʿuhā bakhʿan wa-bukhūʿan": he killed it out of anger or grief. And in the Revelation فَلَعَلَّكَ بَاخِعٌ نَفْسَكَ عَلَى آثَارِهِمْ (Perhaps you will destroy yourself over what they leave behind). Al-Farrāʾ said: that is, exhausting yourself and killing yourself. And Dhū al-Rumma said "Alā yahdaʾ ...bi-shayʾin..." — the verse. And al-Akhfash said: "bakhaʿtu laka nafsī wa-nuṣḥī": that is, I exerted it; "abkhaʿu bukhūʿan".
(3) The verse belongs to the mashṭūr of the rajaz meter. It belongs to the evidentiary citations of Abū ʿUbayda in (Majāz al-Qurʾān 1: 394); he said "juruzan": that is, rough, that brings forth nothing; and the plural is: "araḍūn ajrāz" (barren lands). And one calls the arid year: "juruz", and "sinūn ajrāz" (barren years), because of their unfruitfulness, drought and scant rainfall. Then he cited a verse of Dhū al-Rumma, then the evidentiary verse. The verse also belongs to the evidentiary citations of (al-Lisān, entry juruz); he said: and "sana juruz": when it is arid. And "al-juruz" is the arid year. The rājiz said: "Qad jarafathunna..." — the verse. And the meaning of "wa-jarafathunna": that is, it went off with all of them or with the majority of them. The pronoun refers back to his camels. It is possible that the meaning of "jarrafathunna" with gemination is: it made them lean and took away what fat and flesh there was in them, because of the scarcity of pasture.
(4) Shuʿayb al-Jabaʾī: he is Shuʿayb ibn al-Aswad al-Jabaʾī, the traditionist (muḥaddith), from the contemporaries of Ṭāwūs; Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq and Salama ibn Wahrān transmitted knowledge from him. He is ascribed to al-Jabaʾ, with hamza and shortening, as al-Hamdānī said in Ṣifat Jazīrat al-ʿArab in several places; it is the district (kūra) of al-Maʿāfir, in the vicinity of al-Jand (see Muʿjam mā staʿjam of al-Bakrī, Cairo edition, in the entry al-Jabaʾ, p. 360).
(5) Al-Qurṭubī said in his tafsīr (10: 360): as for the names of the people of the Cave, these are non-Arabic, and the chain of transmission for the knowledge of them is weak; and he took it over from al-Ṭabarī.
(6) The verse is by al-Nābigha al-Dhubyānī, in (Mukhtār al-shiʿr al-jāhilī, with the commentary of Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā, edition of Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī and Sons, p. 152), from his poem that begins with: "Yā dāra Mayyata bil-ʿalyāʾi fal-sanadi". It numbers fifty verses, and the evidentiary verse is the twenty-sixth of them. Its commentator said: "al-amad" is the goal toward which one walks (and on this basis the author cited it as evidence). He says: harbor no rancor and anger except toward one who is your equal in humanity, or who is near to you.
(7) The verse is by al-Aḥwaṣ ibn Muḥammad. It belongs to the evidentiary citations of Abū ʿUbayda in (Majāz al-Qurʾān 1: 394); he said: قُلْنَا إِذًا شَطَطًا (We would then have said something outrageous): that is, injustice and exaggeration. He said: "Alā yā la-qawmi qad ashaṭṭat ʿawādhilī" — the verse. And he then mentioned another verse, namely:
"Wa-yalḥaynanī fī al-lahwi an lā uḥibbahu / wa-lil-lahwi dāʿin dāʾibun ghayru ghāfilī" (And they reproach me concerning amusement, that I should not love it / while amusement has a persistent caller, not heedless).
And in (al-Lisān, entry shaṭaṭ): "al-shaṭaṭ" is the exceeding of the measure in selling, demand, legal judgment, or anything else of all that is derived from it — end. And he said: "shaṭṭa fī silʿatihi wa-ashaṭṭa": he exceeded the measure and removed himself from the truth. And "shaṭṭa ʿalayhi fī ḥukmihi yashiṭṭu shaṭaṭan", and "ishtaṭṭa" and "ashaṭṭa": he acted unjustly in his judgment. And Abū ʿUbayda said: "shaṭaṭtu ashiṭṭu", with ḍamma on the shīn, and "ashṭaṭtu": I acted unjustly. Ibn Barrī said: "ashaṭṭa" in the meaning of "abʿada" (he removed himself), and "shaṭṭa" in the meaning of "baʿuda" (he was far). And the evidence for "ashaṭṭa" in the meaning of "abʿada" is the statement of al-Aḥwaṣ: "Alā li-qawmī qad ashaṭṭat ʿawādhilī" — the verse.