Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:36
And do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge. Indeed, the hearing, the sight and the heart - about all those [one] will be questioned.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exegetes differed over the interpretation of His word وَلَا تَقْفُ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ . Some said: the meaning is: do not say anything of which you have no knowledge.
Those who said this are the following:
ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me — he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya informed me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His word وَلَا تَقْفُ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ : 'He says: do not say.'
Bishr related to us — he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — وَلَا تَقْفُ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَالْبَصَرَ وَالْفُؤَادَ كُلُّ أُولَئِكَ كَانَ عَنْهُ مَسْئُولًا : 'Do not say: I saw, when you did not see; nor: I heard, when you did not hear; for Allah, blessed and exalted is He, will question you about all of this.'
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us — he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda — وَلَا تَقْفُ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ : 'Do not say: I saw, when you did not see; nor: I heard, when you did not hear; nor: I know, when you do not know it.'
It was related to me — through Muḥammad ibn Rabīʿa, on the authority of Ismāʿīl al-Azraq, on the authority of Abū ʿAmr al-Bazzār, on the authority of Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya — he said: 'False witness (shahādat al-zūr).'
Others said: the meaning is rather: do not accuse (lā tarm).
Those who said this are the following:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me — he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His word وَلَا تَقْفُ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ : 'He says: do not accuse anyone of that of which you have no knowledge.'
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me — he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me — he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us; both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — وَلَا تَقْفُ : 'And do not accuse.'
Al-Qāsim related to us — he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj informed me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — the same.
These two interpretations are close to one another in meaning, for the saying of what the speaker does not know encompasses false witness, accusing people with falsehood, claiming to have heard what he did not hear, and saying that he saw what he did not see. The origin of al-qafū is: slander and accusation without proof; hence the words of the Prophet ﷺ: 'We are the sons of al-Naḍr ibn Kināna; we do not accuse our mother (lā naqfū ummanā) and we do not disavow our father.' Some of the Baṣrans cited for this a verse:
'Wa-mithlu l-dumā shummū l-ʿarānīni sākinun — bihinna l-ḥayāʾu lā yushiʿna l-taqāfiyā' —
meaning by al-taqāfī: accusing one another back and forth (al-taqādhuf). And it is claimed that the meaning of لَا تَقْفُ is: do not follow what you do not know and what does not concern you. Some of the philologists of Kufa claimed that its origin is al-qiyāfa — the following of tracks — and if it were as they said, the correct reading would have to be وَلَا تَقُفْ with ḍamma of the qāf and sukūn of the fāʾ, like 'lā taqul' (do not say). He said: The Arabs say: qafawtu atharahu (I followed his track) and quftu atharahu; sometimes they place the wāw before the fāʾ and sometimes after it — as one says: qāʿa l-jamalu l-nāqata (the camel mounted the she-camel) and qaʿā; and ʿātha and ʿathā. And he cited from the mouth of an Arab:
'Wa-law annī ramaytuka min qarībin — laʿāqaka min duʿāʾi l-dhiʾbi ʿāqi' —
meaning ʿāʾiq; similar cases are numerous in Arabic.
The most correct opinion in this matter, in my judgment, is the opinion of the one who said: the meaning is: do not say about people, and about those among them, what you do not know, and do not accuse them with falsehood, and do not testify against them without the truth — that is the proper meaning of al-qafū.
The reason why we consider this the most correct opinion is that this is the most current usage of al-qafū among the Arabs.
As for His word إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَالْبَصَرَ وَالْفُؤَادَ كُلُّ أُولَئِكَ كَانَ عَنْهُ مَسْئُولًا : its meaning is that Allah will question these bodily members about what their bearer said — namely that he heard, saw, or knew — and his limbs will then bear witness rightly against him. And it says 'ulāʾika' (those/them) and not 'tilka' (those), as the poet said:
'Dhummā l-manāzila baʿda manzilati l-liwā — wa-l-ʿaysha baʿda ulāʾika l-ayyāmi' —
It says 'ulāʾika' because 'ulāʾika' and 'hāʾulāʾi' are for the small quantity, used for both masculine and feminine; and 'hādhihi' and 'tilka' are for the large quantity; the masculine form is for the first (small) plural and the feminine for the second (large) plural, for the Arabs form the plural by analogy with the singular nouns.