Tabari

Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:92

وَلَا تَكُونُوا۟ كَٱلَّتِى نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنۢ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنكَٰثًۭا تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَٰنَكُمْ دَخَلًۢا بَيْنَكُمْ أَن تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِىَ أَرْبَىٰ مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا يَبْلُوكُمُ ٱللَّهُ بِهِۦ ۚ وَلَيُبَيِّنَنَّ لَكُمْ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَٰمَةِ مَا كُنتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ

And do not be like she who untwisted her spun thread after it was strong [by] taking your oaths as [means of] deceit between you because one community is more plentiful [in number or wealth] than another community. Allah only tries you thereby. And He will surely make clear to you on the Day of Resurrection that over which you used to differ.

Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.

Tabari (1 passage)

  1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

    Allah, exalted is His mention, forbids His servants from breaking oaths after they have been ratified, commands faithfulness to covenants, and likens the one who breaks them to a woman who unravels her spun yarn after she has twisted it and undoes her cord after she has fastened it tight: Do not be, O people, by breaking your oaths after they have been ratified and after you have given Allah covenants and agreements of faithfulness, كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ (like her who unravels her spun yarn after it had strength) — that is to say: after she had twisted it firm. Some of the philologists said: al-quwwa is what is spun on a single thread without doubling. It has been said: the woman who did this was a well-known fool of Mecca.

    Mention of those who said that:

    Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Kathīr informed me — concerning كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ — he said: "A foolish woman (khārqāʾ) in Mecca who would undo it after she had twisted it."

    Al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr related to us, on the authority of Ibn ʿUyayna, on the authority of Ṣadaqa, on the authority of al-Suddī — concerning وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ — he said: "She is a foolish woman in Mecca; whenever she had twisted her yarn, she would unravel it."

    Others said: this is merely a parable which Allah set for the one who breaks a covenant, comparing him to a woman who does this. And they said concerning the meaning of نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ the same as what we have said.

    Mention of those who said that:

    Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning His words وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا: "Had you heard of a woman who unraveled her spun yarn after she had twisted it, you would say: what a fool she is! This is a parable which Allah set for whoever breaks his covenant."

    Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ — he said: "Her spun yarn — her cord — she unravels it after she has twisted it, and thereafter she gains no benefit from it."

    Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us; and al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ — he said: "She unraveled her cord after she had twisted it firm."

    Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, on the authority of Warqāʾ, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — identically.

    Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said — concerning His words وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا: "This is a parable which Allah set for whoever breaks the covenant he gives. Allah set this as a parable for him by the likeness of one who spun and then unraveled her spun yarn; thus he gave them [his pledge] and then retracted it and broke the covenant he had given them."

    As for His words أَنْكَاثًا: that is to say: broken-apart remnants. Everything that is undone after it has been twisted is called ankāth (the plural of nakth) — whether it be a cord or spun yarn. One says: "So-and-so undid this cord (nakatha hādhā al-ḥabla)" when he unravels it. A cord is muntakith when its strands come apart. What is intended in this place is the breaking of the covenant and the treaty.

    As for His words تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ: Allah, exalted is His mention, says: you make of your oaths which you swear — ostensibly to fulfill the covenant with those with whom you have entered into it — دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ (deceit and treachery among you), so that they trust you, while at the same time you intend to betray them, not to fulfill the covenant, and to switch from them to others — because those others are more numerous. Al-dakhal in Arabic is everything that is not sincere.

    As for His words أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ: the word arbā is the elative form of al-ribā (usury). One says: "this is arbā than that" when it is more than that. From this also is the verse of the poet:

    "And a slender Khaṭṭī lance whose joints are like date-stones — longer by a cubit than ten."

    For one says: "So-and-so has more than this" for the addition he gives to his creditor over and above the principal.

    In accordance with what we have said concerning this, the exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl) spoke.

    Mention of those who said that:

    Al-Muthannā and ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me — both of them saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His words أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ — he said: "More numerous."

    Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His words أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ — he said: "A people more numerous than another people."

    Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us; and al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning His words أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ — he said: "They would conclude alliances with allies, then they would find others more numerous and more powerful, so they would break the alliance with these and enter into an alliance with those who were more powerful. And that was forbidden to them."

    Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Isḥāq informed us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, on the authority of Warqāʾ, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid; and al-Qāsim related to me, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — identically.

    Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning His words تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ — he said: "Betrayal and deceit among one another" — أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ: "that one people is more powerful and more numerous than another people."

    Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Abū Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ — he said: "Betrayal among one another."

    Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said — concerning His words تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ: "He deceives by it; he gives him a covenant and sets him at ease and lets him settle in a safe place; then his foot slips while he is in security, and thereafter he returns with the intention of betraying him." He said: "The beginning of this was a people who had allies among another people; they had concluded alliances and exchanged covenants. Then others came and said: 'We are more numerous, more powerful, and stronger — break the pact with these and turn to us.' So they did. That is the saying of Allah, exalted is He: وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلاأَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ: arbā — more numerous — because these were more numerous than those, one would break the pact one had with them. That was in that manner. And the other matter — concerning the one who made a covenant with him and let him settle down from his stronghold and then betrayed him — the first verse pertains to this people and is the starting point; the second verse pertains to the other matter."

    It was related to me through al-Ḥusayn, saying: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd related to us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say — concerning His words أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ — he said: "More numerous. He says: so hold fast to the fulfillment of the covenant."

    As for His words إِنَّمَا يَبْلُوكُمُ اللَّهُ بِهِ (Allah only tests you by it): Allah, exalted is His mention, says: Allah only tests you by commanding you to fulfill the covenant of Allah when you enter into it — so that the obedient among you, who submits to His commands and prohibitions, may be distinguished from the disobedient who contravenes His commands and prohibitions.

    وَلَيُبَيِّنَنَّ لَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ (And He will surely make clear to you on the Day of Resurrection that wherein you used to differ): Allah, exalted is His mention, says: your Lord will surely, O people, on the Day of Resurrection — when you come to Him — requite each of you for his deeds in the worldly life, the doer of good for his good and the doer of evil for his evil deed — مَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ: that wherein they differed in the worldly life, namely that the believer in Allah affirmed the oneness of Allah and the prophethood of His prophet, and affirmed what had been brought by His prophets — while the unbeliever denied all of that. That was their dispute in the worldly life, which Allah, exalted is His mention, has promised His servants to make clear when they come to Him, by the clarification we have described.

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    يقول تعالى ذكره ناهيا عباده عن نقض الأيمان بعد توكيدها، وآمرًا بوفاء العهود، وممثلا ناقض ذلك بناقضة غزلها من بعد إبرامه وناكثته من بعد إحكامه: ولا تكونوا أيها الناس في نقضكم أيمانكم بعد توكيدها وإعطائكم الله بالوفاء بذلك العهود والمواثيق ( كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ ) يعني: من بعد إبرام. وكان بعض أهل العربية يقول: القوّة: ما غُزِل على طاقة واحدة ولم يثن. وقيل: إن التي كانت تفعل ذلك امرأة حمقاء معروفة بمكة. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثنا حجاج، عن ابن جريج، قال: أخبرني عبد الله بن كثير ( كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ ) قال: خرقاء كانت بمكة تنقضه بعد ما تُبْرِمه. حدثنا المثنى، قال: ثنا إسحاق، قال: ثنا عبد الله بن الزبير، عن ابن عيينة، عن صدقة، عن السديّ( وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ ) قال: هي خَرْقَاءُ بمكة كانت إذا أبرمت غزلها نقضته. وقال آخرون: إنما هذا مثل ضربه الله لمن نقض العهد، فشبهه بامرأة تفعل هذا الفعل. وقالوا في معنى نقضت غزلها من بعد قوة، نحوا مما قلنا. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا ) فلو سمعتم بامرأة نقضت غزلها من بعد إبرامه لقلتم: ما أحمق هذه! وهذا مثل ضربه الله لمن نكث عهده. حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن مجاهد ( وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ ) قال: غزلها: حبلها تنقضه بعد إبرامها إياه ولا تنتفع به بعد. حدثني محمد بن عمرو، قال: ثنا أبو عاصم، قال: ثنا عيسى وحدثني الحارث، قال: ثنا الحسن، قال: ثنا ورقاء وحدثني المثنى، قال: ثنا أبو حُذيفة، قال: ثنا شبل، جميعا، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد ( كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ ) قال: نقضت حبلها من بعد إبرام قوّة. حدثني المثنى، قال: ثنا إسحاق، قال: ثنا عبد الله، عن ورقاء، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد، مثله. حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( وَلا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا ) قال: هذا مثل ضربه الله لمن نقض العهد الذي يعطيه، ضرب الله هذا له مثلا بمثل التي غزلت ثم نقضت غزلها، فقد أعطاهم ثم رجع، فنكث العهد الذي أعطاهم. وقوله ( أَنْكَاثًا ) يعني: أنقاضا، وكلّ شيء نُقِض بعد الفتل فهو أنكاث، واحدها: نكْث حبلا كان ذلك أو غزلا يقال منه: نَكَث فلان هذا الحبل فهو ينكُثُه نكثا، والحبل منتكِث: إذا انتقضت قُواه. وإنما عني به في هذا الموضع نكث العهد والعقد. وقوله ( تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) يقول تعالى ذكره: تجعلون أيمانكم التي تحلفون بها على أنكم موفون بالعهد لمن عاقدتموه ( دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ ) يقول: خديعة وغرورا ليطمئنوا إليكم وأنتم مضمرون لهم الغدر وترك الوفاء بالعهد والنُّقلة عنهم إلى غيرهم من أجل أن غيرهم أكثر عددًا منهم. والدَّخَل في كلام العرب: كلّ أمر لم يكن صحيحًا، يقال منه: أنا أعلم دَخَل فلان ودُخْلُلَه وداخلة أمره ودخلته ودخيلته. وأما قوله ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) فإن قوله أربى: أفعل من الربا، يقال: هذا أربى من هذا وأربأ منه، إذا كان أكثر منه ؛ ومنه قول الشاعر: وأسْــمَرَ خَــطِّيّ كــأنَّ كُعُوبَـهُ نَوى القسْبِ قد أرْبَى ذرَاعا على العَشْرِ (2) وإنما يقال: أربى فلان من هذا وذلك للزيادة التي يزيدها على غريمه على رأس ماله. وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك ، قال أهل التأويل. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني المثنى، وعليّ بن داود، قالا ثنا عبد الله بن صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس، قوله ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) يقول: أكثر. حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس، قوله ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) يقول: ناس أكثر من ناس. حدثني محمد بن عمرو، قال: ثنا أبو عاصم، قال: ثنا عيسى وحدثني الحارث، قال: ثنا الحسن، قال: ثنا ورقاء ؛ وحدثني المثنى، قال: ثنا أبو حذيفة، قال: ثنا شبل، جميعا، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد، في قوله ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) قال: كانوا يحالفون الحلفاء، فيجدون أكثر منهم وأعزّ، فينقضون حِلْف هؤلاء ، ويحالفون هؤلاء الذين هم أعزّ منهم، فنهوا عن ذلك. حدثنا ابن المثنى، قال: أخبرنا إسحاق، قال: ثنا عبد الله، عن ورقاء، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد (3) وحدثني القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن مجاهد، مثله. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ ) يقول: خيانة وغدرا بينكم ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) أن يكون قوم أعزّ وأكثر من قوم. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا أبو ثور، عن مَعْمر، عن قتادة ( دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ ) قال: خيانة بينكم. حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلا بَيْنَكُمْ ) يغرّ بها، يعطيه العهد يؤمنه وينـزله من مأمنه، فتزلّ قدمه وهو في مأمن، ثم يعود يريد الغدر، قال: فأوّل بدو هذا (4) قوم كانوا حلفاء لقوم تحالفوا ، وأعطى بعضهم بعضا العهد، فجاءهم قوم قالوا: نحن أكثر وأعزّ وأمنع، فانقضوا عهد هؤلاء وارجعوا إلينا ، ففعلوا، وذلك قول الله تعالى وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلا ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) هي أربى: أكثر من أجل أن كانوا هؤلاء أكثر من أولئك نقضتم العهد فيما بينكم وبين هؤلاء، فكان هذا في هذا، وكان الأمر الآخر في الذي يعاهده فينـزله من حِصْنه ثم ينكث عليه، الآية الأولى في هؤلاء القوم وهي مبدؤه، والأخرى في هذا. حُدثت عن الحسين، قال: سمعت أبا معاذ يقول: ثنا عبيد، قال: سمعت الضحاك يقول، في قوله ( أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ ) يقول: أكثر، يقول: فعليكم بوفاء العهد. وقوله ( إِنَّمَا يَبْلُوكُمُ اللَّهُ بِهِ ) يقول تعالى ذكره: إنما يختبركم الله بأمره إياكم بالوفاء بعهد الله إذا عاهدتم، ليتبين المطيع منكم المنتهي إلى أمره ونهيه من العاصي المخالف أمره ونهيه ( وَلَيُبَيِّنَنَّ لَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ ) يقول تعالى ذكره: وليبينن لكم أيها الناس ربكم يوم القيامة إذا وردتم عليه بمجازاة كلّ فريق منكم على عمله في الدنيا، المحسن منكم بإحسانه والمسيء بإساءته، ( مَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ ) والذي كانوا فيه يختلفون في الدنيا أن المؤمن بالله كان يقرّ بوحدانية الله ونبوّة نبيه، ويصدق بما ابتعث به أنبياءه، وكان يكذّب بذلك كله الكافر فذلك كان اختلافهم في الدنيا الذي وعد الله تعالى ذكره عباده أن يبينه لهم عند ورودهم عليه بما وصفنا من البيان.