Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:91
And fulfill the covenant of Allah when you have taken it, [O believers], and do not break oaths after their confirmation while you have made Allah, over you, a witness. Indeed, Allah knows what you do.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted is His mention, says: Fulfill the covenant (mīthāq) of Allah when you have entered into it, and His pledge when you have sworn it — for thereby you have made obligatory upon yourselves a right owed to the one with whom you made the pledge. وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا (And do not break the oaths after they have been confirmed): that is, do not act contrary to the matter over which you swore your oaths — meaning: after you have made the oaths binding upon yourselves — such that you break your oaths, lie in them, and violate them after their confirmation. One says in this connection: "So-and-so confirmed his oath (wakkada yamīnahu)" when he made it binding — this is the expression of the people of Ḥijāz; the people of Najd say: "akkadahā taʾkīdan." As for His words وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلا (And you have made Allah a surety over you): that is, you have appointed Allah as keeper over the fulfillment of what you have agreed upon for yourselves — He watches over both the one who fulfills the covenant of Allah and the one who breaks it.
In accordance with what we have said concerning this, the exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl) spoke, though they differed among themselves over who is meant by this verse and concerning what it was sent down. Some said: what is meant are those who concluded with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ the oath of allegiance (bayʿa) for Islam; and the verse was sent down concerning them.
Mention of those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn ʿUmāra al-Asadī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mūsā related to us, saying: Abū Laylā informed us, on the authority of Burayda — concerning His words وَأَوْفُوا بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ إِذَا عَاهَدْتُمْ — he said: "This verse was sent down with regard to the bayʿa to the Prophet ﷺ. Whoever embraced Islam concluded a bayʿa for Islam." It was said: وَأَوْفُوا بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ إِذَا عَاهَدْتُمْ — this is the bayʿa that you concluded for Islam; وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا — the bayʿa; let not the smallness in number of Muḥammad ﷺ and his companions and the multitude of the polytheists (mushrikīn) lead you to break the bayʿa for Islam, even if the Muslims are few and the polytheists many.
Others said: the verse was sent down concerning the pact (ḥilf) which the polytheists had concluded during the pre-Islamic age (jāhiliyya); Allah, mighty and majestic, commanded them in Islam to fulfill it and not to break it.
Mention of those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both of them on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning the words of Allah, exalted is He, وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا — he said: "The swearing of it in the oath."
Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us; and al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq informed us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, on the authority of Warqāʾ — both of them on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — identically.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning His words وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا — he said: "After making it binding and swearing it."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: "These were a people who had allies (ḥulafāʾ) among another people; they had concluded alliances and entered into covenants with one another. Then others came to them and said: 'We are more numerous, mightier, and stronger — break your pact with these and turn to us.' And they did it. That is the words of Allah, exalted is He: وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلا — that one community be larger than another community — larger and more numerous — because these were more numerous than those, you broke the pact you had with them; this was in that manner."
Ibn al-Barqī related to me, saying: Ibn Abī Maryam related to us, saying: Nāfiʿ ibn Yazīd informed us, saying: I asked Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd about the words of Allah وَلا تَنْقُضُوا الأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا — he said: "The covenants."
The correct statement concerning this is that one says: Allah, exalted is He, commanded in this verse His servants to fulfill the covenants they have entered into upon themselves, and forbade them to break the oaths after they had confirmed them over themselves toward others — through covenants legally valid between them, in matters which Allah does not forbid. It is possible that the verse was sent down for those who concluded the bayʿa with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ — to forbid them from breaking it out of fear of the smallness in number of the Muslims and the multitude of polytheists. It is also possible that it was sent down for those who wished to transfer their alliance from their allies because of their small number to others because of their greater number. It may also concern something else. There is no transmitted report of sufficient probative force that it was sent down for one of these matters and not another; nor is there in the Book or in reason any indication of which of them is meant. There is no statement concerning this more correct than what we said — as the outward meaning indicates — and that the verse was sent down for a particular occasion, while its ruling applies generally to everything that has the import of the occasion for which it was sent down.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلا — he said: "A trustee (wakīl)."
As for His words إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَفْعَلُونَ (Truly, Allah knows what you do): Allah, exalted is His mention, says: Allah knows, O people, what you do with the covenants you enter into toward Allah — whether you fulfill them — and the oaths and sworn pledges you confirm over yourselves: do you keep them or break them? And all your other deeds — He counts all of that precisely against you, and He will question you about it and about what you did therein. That is: be on your guard against Allah, lest you meet Him while you have transgressed His commands and prohibitions therein — for then you would deserve thereby the painful (alīm) part of His punishment, which you cannot withstand.