Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:76
And Allah presents an example of two men, one of them dumb and unable to do a thing, while he is a burden to his guardian. Wherever he directs him, he brings no good. Is he equal to one who commands justice, while he is on a straight path?
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted is His remembrance, says: He has set forth for you, O people, a parable concerning His Own Self and concerning the gods who are worshipped besides Him. He said, exalted is His remembrance: وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلا رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَبْكَمُ لا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ — by this He means the idol (ṣanam): it hears nothing and it does not speak, for it is either carved wood or fashioned copper; it is incapable of bringing benefit to the one who serves it, nor of warding off evil from him. "And he is a burden upon his patron (mawlāhu)" — He says: He is a burden upon his paternal cousins, his allies, and his kinsfolk. Likewise the idol is a burden upon the one who worships it — it must be carried, set down, and served, just as the mute among people who is incapable of anything is a burden upon his patrons from among his paternal cousins and others. أَيْنَمَا يُوَجِّهْهُ لا يَأْتِ بِخَيْرٍ — He says: Wherever one directs him, he brings no good, for he does not understand what is said to him, and he cannot express for himself what he wants — he neither understands nor is understood. Likewise the idol does not understand what is said to it, so that it might obey the command of the one who commands it; nor does it speak so as to command and forbid. Allah, exalted is His remembrance, says: هَلْ يَسْتَوِي هُوَ وَمَنْ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ — that is to say: Is this mute one, who is a burden upon his patron, who brings no good wherever he is directed, equal to the one who is speaking and eloquent, who commands what is right and calls to it — and that is Allah, the One, the Irresistible, Who calls His servants to His oneness and His obedience? He says: No, He, exalted is His remembrance, and the idol that has the qualities which have been described are not equal. And His word وَهُوَ عَلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ — He says: And He is, alongside His command to justice, upon a path of truth in His call to justice and His command thereto, a straight path that never deviates from the truth and never departs from it.
The people of exegesis differed concerning for whom this parable is set forth. Some said what we have said concerning it.
Those who said this:
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning لا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ : he said: This is the idol (al-wathan). Concerning هَلْ يَسْتَوِي هُوَ وَمَنْ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ : he said: Allah commands what is right. وَهُوَ عَلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ — and Mujāhid said the same, except that he said: The first parable too Allah has set forth concerning Himself and concerning the idol.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us; and al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah, exalted is His remembrance: عَبْدًا مَمْلُوكًا لا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَمَنْ رَزَقْنَاهُ مِنَّا رِزْقًا حَسَنًا and رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَبْكَمُ and وَمَنْ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ — he said: All of this is a parable for the true God and for that which is invoked besides Him in falsehood.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — like the above.
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: Abū Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, concerning وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلا رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَبْكَمُ : he said: This is merely a parable that Allah has set forth.
And others said: Rather, both parables apply to the believer (muʾmin) and the unbeliever (kāfir). And that is a view related from Ibn ʿAbbās, and we have mentioned the narration from him concerning the first parable in its place.
As for the second parable:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: My father related to me, saying: My uncle related to me, saying: My father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلا رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَبْكَمُ لا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ كَلٌّ عَلَى مَوْلاهُ ... to the end of the verse: he means by "the mute one who is a burden upon his patron": the unbeliever; and by His word وَمَنْ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ : the believer. And this parable concerns deeds.
Al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ al-Bazzār related to us, saying: Yaḥyā ibn Isḥāq al-Saylḥīnī related to us, saying: Ḥammād related to us, on the authority of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUthmān ibn Khuthaym, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Yaʿlā ibn Umayya, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word ضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلا عَبْدًا مَمْلُوكًا : he said: This was revealed concerning a man of Quraysh and his slave (ʿabdahu). And concerning His word مَثَلا رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَبْكَمُ لا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ ... to His word وَهُوَ عَلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ : he said: He is ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān. And he said: The mute one who, wherever he is directed, brings no good, that is the freedman (mawlā) of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān — ʿUthmān spent upon him and maintained him and bore his burdens, while the other hated Islam and refused it and forbade him to give alms and to do good. So it was revealed concerning the two of them.
We preferred the view that we chose concerning the first parable because Allah, exalted is His remembrance, depicted the unbeliever by the slave (ʿabd) with the qualities He described, and depicted the believer by the one to whom He had given a good provision and who spends from it secretly and openly. It is therefore not permissible that this should be a parable for Allah, since Allah compared the unbeliever who can distribute nothing with one to whom He has not given a good provision to spend from secretly and openly. And the believer to whom Allah has apportioned obedience to Him and whom He has guided to His straight path and who works what pleases Allah, is compared to the free man to whom wealth has been amply allotted and who spends from it secretly and openly. And Allah, exalted is His remembrance, is the Provider of provision Who Himself is not provided for — it is therefore not permissible to compare His generosity and bounty with the expenditures of one who is supplied with a good provision. As for the second parable: in it Allah, exalted is His remembrance, compares the one whose likeness is the mute who can do nothing — and the unbelievers (kuffār) undoubtedly include among them those who possess much wealth and who sometimes inflict enormous harm through their corruption — so that "incapable of anything" is not a fitting parable for one who is capable of many things, as Allah, exalted is His remembrance, has said. If that is so, the most appropriate meaning therein is the comparison of one who is incapable of anything — as Allah, exalted is His remembrance, has said — with his like, and that is the idol that is capable of nothing, with the mute who is a burden upon his patron and is capable of nothing, as has been said and described.