Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:103
And We certainly know that they say, "It is only a human being who teaches the Prophet." The tongue of the one they refer to is foreign, and this Qur'an is [in] a clear Arabic language.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, the Exalted, says: Indeed, We know that these mushrikīn say out of ignorance: "Muḥammad is only taught by a human being from the children of Adam — and it does not come from Allah." Allah, the Exalted, declares their claim baseless in this regard: "Do you then not know that what you say is a lie? The tongue of the one toward whom you incline" — that is: toward whom you turn with the claim that he teaches Muḥammad — "is non-Arabic (aʿjamī)" — and that is because they, according to report, claimed that the servant who taught Muḥammad this Qurʾān was a Byzantine slave. Hence Allah said: لِسَانُ الَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ — that is: and this Qurʾān is clear Arabic. In accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes also spoke — though they differed over the name of the one whom the mushrikīn claimed taught Muḥammad ﷺ this Qurʾān. Some said: his name was Balʿām, and he was a smith (qayn) in Mecca, a Christian.
Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsī related to me on the authority of Abū ʿĀṣim, on the authority of Ibrāhīm ibn Ṭahmān, on the authority of Muslim ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Malāʾī, on the authority of Mujāhid, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: he said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to teach a smith (qayn) in Mecca, who was non-Arabic in tongue (aʿjamī al-lisān) and whose name was Balʿām. The mushrikīn saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when he went in to him and when he came out from him, and they said: "Balʿām is teaching him." Thereupon Allah, the Exalted, sent down: وَلَقَدْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّمَا يُعَلِّمُهُ بَشَرٌ لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ .
Others said: his name was Yaʿīsh. Ibn Wakīʿ related to us on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ḥabīb, on the authority of ʿIkrima: The Prophet ﷺ used to teach a boy of the Banū al-Mughīra who was non-Arabic; Sufyān thought that he was called Yaʿīsh. He said: That is what His word indicates لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ . Bishr related to us on the authority of Qatāda: Quraysh said: "Only a human being teaches him" — a slave of the Banū al-Ḥaḍramī who was called Yaʿīsh. Allah said: لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ — and Yaʿīsh used to read books.
Others said: his name was Jabr. Ibn Ḥumayd related to us on the authority of Salama, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ used, as has reached me, to sit much at al-Marwa with a Christian boy who was called Jabr — a slave of the Banū Bayāḍa al-Ḥaḍramī. The people said: "By Allah, only Jabr the Christian, the slave of al-Ḥaḍramī, teaches Muḥammad much of what he brings." Thereupon Allah, the Exalted, sent down — concerning their words: وَلَقَدْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّمَا يُعَلِّمُهُ بَشَرٌ لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ . Al-Qāsim related to us on the authority of Ibn Jurayj: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Kathīr said: They said: "Only a Christian at al-Marwa teaches him, and a Byzantine man — it is said: his name is Jabr — teaches Muḥammad." And he was a possessor of books (ṣāḥib kutub), a slave of Ibn al-Ḥaḍramī.
Others said: they were two boys — the name of one was Yasār and the other Jabr. Al-Muthannā related to me on the authority of ʿAmr ibn ʿAwn, on the authority of Hushaym, on the authority of Ḥuṣayn, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim al-Ḥaḍramī: They had two slaves of the people of ʿayr al-Yaman; they were like children. The name of one was Yasār and the other Jabr; they used to read the Torah. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sometimes sat with them. The disbelievers of Quraysh said: "He sits with them only to learn from them." Thereupon Allah, the Exalted, sent down: لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ . Al-Muthannā related to me on the authority of Khālid ibn ʿAbd Allāh, on the authority of Ḥuṣayn, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim al-Ḥaḍramī — to the same effect. Ibn Wakīʿ related to us on the authority of Ibn Fuḍayl, on the authority of Ḥuṣayn, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim: We had two boys who used to read a book in their language; the Prophet ﷺ passed by them and stood to listen to them. The mushrikīn said: "He learns from them." Then Allah, the Exalted, sent down what refuted their falsehood: لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ .
Others said: it was Salmān al-Fārisī. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk said: They said: "Only Salmān al-Fārisī teaches him."
Mujāhid said: The words of the disbelievers of Quraysh: "Only the slave of Ibn al-Ḥaḍramī — he is a possessor of books — teaches Muḥammad." Allah says: لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ .
It was said: the one who said that was a scribe of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ who had apostatized (irtadda) from Islam.
Yūnus related to me: Ibn Wahb reports: Yūnus reported to me, on the authority of Ibn Shihāb — he said: Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab reported to me: The one whom Allah mentioned was only a human being who taught him — the one who was seduced: he was the one who used to write down the revelation (waḥy). The Messenger of Allah ﷺ would dictate to him: سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ or عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ and other concluding formulae of the verses, but the Messenger would then be occupied with something else while he was engaged with the revelation; the scribe would ask the Messenger ﷺ for confirmation and say: "ʿAzīzun Ḥakīm, or Samīʿun ʿAlīm, or ʿAzīzun ʿAlīm?" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ would say: "Whatever you write, so it is." This seduced him and he said: "Muḥammad entrusts that to me, so I write whatever I wish." — And this is the one whom Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab mentioned regarding the seven dialects (al-aḥruf al-sabʿa).
The Qurʾān reciters differed over the reading of يُلْحِدُونَ : most of the reciters of Medina and Basra read لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ with ḍamma of the yāʾ — from alhada yulḥidu ilḥādan — in the meaning: they turn toward him, they incline toward him, they turn to him — in line with the word of the poet: "Lead me away from clinging to the two Khubaybiyūn — my chief is no miser who turns away (al-mulḥid)." Most of the reciters of Kufa read (yalḥidūna ilayhi) with fatḥa of the yāʾ — with the meaning: they incline toward him — from laḥada fulān ilā hādhā l-amri yalḥadu laḥdan wa-luḥūdan. In my judgment these are two dialects with one meaning; whichever of the two the reciter reads, he has read well. Concerning وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ it is said: that is the Qurʾān — as the Arabs say of a poem when a poet recites it: "This is the tongue (lisān) of so-and-so" — meaning: his poem. As the poet said: "A slanderer's poem that he sends to us — and you have brought yourself down while I did not think you would fall."