Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:100
His authority is only over those who take him as an ally and those who through him associate others with Allah.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ — He says: His proof (ḥujja) holds only over those who worship him. وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ — He says: Those who ascribe partners (shirk) to Allah. In accordance with what we have said concerning this, the exegetes also spoke. Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me on the authority of several persons, all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ : he said: His proof. Al-Qāsim related to us on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ : he said: Obeying him. The exegetes differed concerning the reason why Satan has no power over the believer. Some said — as was related to me on the authority of Wāqid ibn Sulaymān, on the authority of Sufyān — concerning His word إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ عَلَى الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ : he said: He has no power over them by which he drives them to a sin that is not forgiven. Others said: it is taking refuge in Allah (al-istiʿādha) — for when one takes refuge in Allah, he is protected against him and Satan has no power over him. In support of their position they pointed to the word of Allah, the Exalted: وَإِمَّا يَنْزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ نَزْغٌ فَاسْتَعِذْ بِاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ — and we have mentioned the report concerning that in Sūrat al-Ḥijr. Others said — as al-Muthannā related to me on the authority of Isḥāq, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Jaʿfar, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ — concerning إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ عَلَى الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ up to وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ : it is said that the enemy of Allah, Iblīs, said: لَأُغْوِيَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ * إِلَّا عِبَادَكَ مِنْهُمُ الْمُخْلَصِينَ — these are the ones over whom He has given Satan no way; his power holds only over a people who have taken him as a protector and have made him a partner in their deeds. Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ عَلَى الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ : he says: The power holds over the one who has taken Satan as a protector and is disobedient to Allah. Bishr related to us on the authority of Qatāda — concerning إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ : he says: Those who obey him and worship him. The soundest position in this matter, in my judgment, is the position of the one who says: its meaning is that he has no power over the believers who have taken refuge in Allah, in accordance with the exhortation to the istiʿādha which Allah, the Exalted, has given in His word فَإِذَا قَرَأْتَ الْقُرْآنَ فَاسْتَعِذْ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ , and His word in another place: وَإِمَّا يَنْزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ نَزْغٌ فَاسْتَعِذْ بِاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ . By this it became clear that He exhorts His servants to the istiʿādha so that He may safeguard them from his power. As for His word وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ : the exegetes differed concerning its interpretation. Some said — as we too have said — that the meaning is: those who ascribe partners to Allah. Mujāhid said: they set up equals to the Lord of the Worlds. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk said: they have equated Iblīs with their Lord, for they ascribe partners to Allah. Others said: the meaning is: those who made Satan a partner in their deeds. Al-Rabīʿ said: They made him a partner in their deeds. The first position — that is, the position of Mujāhid — is the sounder of the two. That is because those who take Satan as a protector make him a partner to Allah in their worship, sacrifices, food, and drink — not that they make Satan a partner. And if the meaning of the text were what al-Rabīʿ said, it would read: "those who make him a partner" (alladhīna hum mushrikūhu) and there would not be "bihi" in it. Unless someone were to direct the meaning thus: that the people professed the divinity of Satan and made him a partner to Allah in their worship of him — then the meaning would be correct. But that contradicts what the revelation indicates in the rest of the Qurʾān, namely that Allah described the mushrikīn as those who have ascribed partners to Allah, and concerning every relevant verse He said: "Do not ascribe partners to Allah" — and not: "Do not ascribe anything as a partner to Allah." Therefore it is clear that the pronoun in وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ refers back to the Lord in His word وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ .