Tafseer of The Thunder · Ar-Ra'd · 13:17
He sends down from the sky, rain, and valleys flow according to their capacity, and the torrent carries a rising foam. And from that [ore] which they heat in the fire, desiring adornments and utensils, is a foam like it. Thus Allah presents [the example of] truth and falsehood. As for the foam, it vanishes, [being] cast off; but as for that which benefits the people, it remains on the earth. Thus does Allah present examples.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Abū Jaʿfar said: This is a parable that Allah has set forth for the truth (ḥaqq) and falsehood (bāṭil), and for belief and disbelief in it.
The Exalted says: The parable of the truth in its steadfastness and of falsehood in its passing away is like water that Allah sends down from the sky to the earth — فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا (so that the valleys flow according to their measure) — that is to say: the valleys carry it according to their capacity — the large one according to its largeness, the small one according to its smallness — فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا (and the flood carries swelling foam) — that is to say: the flood that arose from that water which Allah sent down from the sky carries foam that rises high above the flood.
This is the first of the two parables for the truth and falsehood. The truth is the abiding water that Allah sent down from the sky. The foam that brings no benefit is falsehood.
And the second parable: وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ (and from that which they heat in the fire seeking ornaments): The Exalted says: A second parable for the truth and falsehood: like silver or gold that people heat in the fire seeking ornaments that they wish to make, or utensils. And likewise copper, lead, and iron are heated in order to make utensils from them. زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ (foam like it) — The Exalted says: from what they heat of these things comes foam that resembles it — that is to say: resembling the foam of the flood, which brings no benefit and vanishes into uselessness, just as the foam of the flood brings no benefit and vanishes into uselessness.
The word "al-zabad" (the foam) is placed in the nominative by His statement وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ.
The meaning of the words is: from what they heat in the fire comes foam that resembles the foam of the flood in the uselessness of its foam and the endurance of the pure gold and silver.
Allah the Exalted says: كَذَلِكَ يَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْحَقَّ وَالْبَاطِلَ (thus Allah sets forth the truth and falsehood as a parable): just as Allah has set forth the parable of belief and disbelief — in the uselessness of disbelief and the disappointment of the one who is in it at Allah's recompense — by the abiding, beneficial water of the flood and the pure gold and silver, so does Allah set forth the parable of the truth and falsehood. فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً (as for the foam, it passes away as scum) — this means: the foam that floated above the flood, the gold, the silver, the copper, and the lead when they were heated passes away by the wind blowing it away and the water casting it off, and it clings to the trees and the sides of the valley. وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ (but as for what benefits the people) — of the water, gold, silver, lead, and copper — the water remains in the earth and it drinks it up; the gold and silver remain for the people. كَذَلِكَ يَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْأَمْثَالَ (thus Allah sets forth the parables): just as He has set forth this parable for belief and disbelief, so does He set forth the parables.
In accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes also said.
Mentioned are those who said this:
20311 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, from ʿAlī, from Ibn ʿAbbās, his statement: أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — "this is a parable that Allah has set forth. The hearts carried of it according to the measure of their certainty and their doubt. As for the doubt: no deed benefits thereby. As for the certainty: Allah benefits thereby those who possess it. This is His statement: فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — that is the doubt. And وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — that is the certainty. Just as ornaments are put into the fire and their pure part is taken and the dross remains in the fire — so does Allah accept the certainty and leave behind the doubt."
20312 — Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, from his father, from Ibn ʿAbbās, his statement: أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — he said: "the flood carried what was in the valley of sticks and refuse. وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ — that is the gold, silver, the ornaments, the utensils, the copper, and the iron. The copper and the iron have dross. Allah has set forth the parable of their dross as the foam of the water. What benefits the people is the gold and silver. And what benefits the earth is what it has drunk of the water and made grow thereby. Thus He set this forth as a parable for the good deed that abides for those who perform it, and the evil deed that vanishes from those who perform it — just as this foam vanishes. So comes the guidance and the truth of Allah. Whoever acts according to the truth has it for his benefit — and it abides, just as what benefits the people abides in the earth. And likewise one cannot make a knife or sword from iron until it goes into the fire and the fire consumes its dross, after which its good part comes out and is profited from. Likewise falsehood vanishes on the Day of Resurrection, when the people are set up and the deeds are displayed — falsehood departs and perishes, and the people of the truth profit from the truth."
20313 — Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, from Abū Rajāʾ, from al-Ḥasan, concerning his statement أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ up to أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — he said: "the seeking of ornaments of gold and silver, or utensils of copper and iron. Just as gold, silver, copper, and iron are put into the fire and the pure part is taken out of it." He said: كَذَلِكَ يَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْحَقَّ وَالْبَاطِلَ فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — "so does the truth abide for those who possess it and they profit from it."
20314 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Zaʿfarānī related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj ibn Muḥammad related to us, saying: Ibn Jurayj said: ʿAbdullāh ibn Kathīr informed me that he heard Mujāhid say: أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — he said: "according to what it could hold as filling" — فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "the sentence is finished, then a new one begins": وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — he said: "the utensils are iron, copper, lead, and the like" — زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "the dross thereof is like the foam of the flood." He said: وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — and the foam passes away as scum. "That is the parable of the truth and falsehood."
20315 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, from Ibn Jurayj, from ʿAbdullāh ibn Kathīr, from Mujāhid, that he heard him say that — similarly, with an addition. He said: Ibn Jurayj said: Mujāhid said concerning his statement: فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — he said: "congealed upon the ground" — وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — he means the water. "These are two parables for the truth and falsehood."
20316 — Al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Shabāba related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid, his statement: زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "the flood is the parable of the iron dross and the ornaments" — فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — "congealed upon the ground" — وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "iron, copper, lead, and the like." And his statement: وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — "these are two parables for the truth and falsehood."
20317 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid.
20318 — [...] he said: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, from Warqāʾ, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid — the one more than the other — concerning his statement: فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — he said: "according to their filling" — فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "the foam is the flood" — ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "the dross of the iron and the ornaments" — فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — "congealed upon the ground" — وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — "the water. These are two parables for the truth and falsehood."
20319 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, from Qatāda, his statement: أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — "the small one according to its small measure, the large one according to its large measure" — فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "that is to say: high." وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ كَذَلِكَ يَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْحَقَّ وَالْبَاطِلَ فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — "al-jufāʾ is what clings to the trees" — وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ. "These are three parables that Allah has set forth in a single parable. He says: just as this foam vanished and remained as scum that brings no benefit and offers no blessing — so does falsehood vanish from those who adhere to it, just as this foam vanished. And just as this water remained in the earth and made the earth turn green and made its vegetation grow — so does the truth abide for those who adhere to it, just as this water remained in the earth and Allah made vegetation grow thereby."
20320 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, from Maʿmar, from Qatāda: فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — "the large one according to its measure, the small one according to its measure" — زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "the foam floated upon the water." وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ — "that is the gold when it goes into the fire — its pure part abides and its dross is cast away. This is a parable that Allah has set forth for the truth and falsehood." فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً — "it clings to the trees and becomes nothing. This is the parable of falsehood." وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ — "this brings forth the vegetation. This is the parable of the truth." أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "the utensils are copper, iron, and the like."
20321 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad related to us, saying: Hawdha ibn Khalīfa related to us, saying: ʿAwf related to us, saying: "It was reported to me concerning his statement أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا: this is a parable that Allah has set forth for the truth and falsehood. فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — the small one according to its measure, the large one according to its measure, and what is between the two according to its measure. فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — that is to say: immense. When the water has come to rest, the foam passes away as scum and the wind blows it along — it amounts to nothing. The clear water remains, which benefits the people — from which come their drink, their vegetation, and their benefit." أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "the parable of the foam is everything that is heated in the fire — gold, silver, copper, iron. The dross vanishes and what is beneficial remains in their hands. The dross and the foam are the parable of falsehood. What benefits the people from that which remains in their hands is the property that is in their hands."
20322 — Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd, concerning his statement وَمِمَّا يُوقِدُونَ عَلَيْهِ فِي النَّارِ ابْتِغَاءَ حِلْيَةٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — he said: "This is a parable that Allah has set forth for the truth and falsehood." He recited: أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا فَاحْتَمَلَ السَّيْلُ زَبَدًا رَّابِيًا — "this foam brings no benefit" — أَوْ مَتَاعٍ زَبَدٌ مِّثْلُهُ — "this too brings no benefit." He said: "But the water remained in the earth and brought benefit to the people. And the ornaments that were clarified from it remained, and the people profited from them." فَأَمَّا الزَّبَدُ فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً وَأَمَّا مَا يَنفَعُ النَّاسَ فَيَمْكُثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَذَلِكَ يَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْأَمْثَالَ — he said: "this is a parable that Allah has set forth for the truth and falsehood."
20323 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, from Ibn Jurayj, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās said: أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِهَا — he said: "the small one according to its small measure, the large one according to its large measure."
20324 — Aḥmad ibn Isḥāq related to us, saying: Abū Aḥmad related to us, saying: Ṭalḥa ibn ʿAmr related to us, from ʿAṭāʾ: "Allah has set forth a parable for the truth and falsehood. He set forth the parable of the truth as the flood that remains in the earth, and the parable of falsehood as the foam that brings the people no benefit."
By his statement رَّابِيًا (high) he means: high and swollen. Derived from the expression "rabā al-shayʾ yarbu rubuwwan fa-huwa rābin" — likewise the elevation in the landscape, resembling a hill, is called "rābiya." Hence also the statement of Allah the Exalted: اهْتَزَّتْ وَرَبَتْ [al-Ḥajj: 5 / Fuṣṣilat: 39].
The copper, lead, and iron in this verse are called "al-matāʿ" (the utensils) because use is made of them. Everything of which people make use is "matāʿ" — as the poet said: "Profit, O wind-tossed man — for everything by which you outstrip death, that is the utensil."
As for "al-jufāʾ":
20325 — It was related to me from Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar ibn al-Muthannā, who said: Abū ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAlāʾ said: one says "qad ajfaʾat al-qidru" — when the pot boils and its foam overflows it, or when it comes to rest and nothing remains of it.
And some of the Baṣran grammarians claimed that the meaning of فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً (it passes away as scum) is: the earth drinks it up. They said: one says "jafā al-wādī wa-ajfā" in the sense of absorbing. And it is transmitted from the Arabs that they say: "jafaʾtu al-qidra ajfaʾuhā" — when one scoops out its jufāʾ, that is the foam that floats above it. And "ajfaʾtuhā ijfāʾan" is a dialectal form. They also said: "jafaʾtu al-rajula jafʾan" means: I threw him down.
One says فَيَذْهَبُ جُفَاءً in the sense of "jafaʾa" — it is a verbal noun of "jafaʾa al-wādī ghuthāʾahu" — it comes in the form of a noun, although it is a verbal noun. Thus the Arabs treat the verbal nouns of everything that gathers together, such as "al-qumāsh, al-duqāq, al-ḥuṭām, al-ghuthāʾ" — they place them in the nominative nominal form, just as they do in their expression "aʿṭaytuhu ʿaṭāʾan" in the sense of giving — although if one were to take the pure verbal-noun form of "al-qumāsh," one would say "qad qamashu qamshyan."