Tafseer of Joseph · Yusuf · 12:80
So when they had despaired of him, they secluded themselves in private consultation. The eldest of them said, "Do you not know that your father has taken upon you an oath by Allah and [that] before you failed in [your duty to] Joseph? So I will never leave [this] land until my father permits me or Allah decides for me, and He is the best of judges.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the words of Allah the Exalted: فَلَمَّا اسْتَيْأَسُوا مِنْهُ خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ أَلَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ أَبَاكُمْ قَدْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَوْثِقًا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَمِنْ قَبْلُ مَا فَرَّطْتُمْ فِي يُوسُفَ فَلَنْ أَبْرَحَ الأَرْضَ حَتَّى يَأْذَنَ لِي أَبِي أَوْ يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ لِي وَهُوَ خَيْرُ الْحَاكِمِينَ (80)
Abū Jaʿfar said: Allah the Exalted means: فَلَمَّا اسْتَيْأَسُوا مِنْهُ — when they had given up hope that Yūsuf would release Binyāmīn and take one of them in his place, or that he would grant their request to that effect.
His word اسْتَيْأَسُوا is the "istafʿalū" pattern of "yaʾisa l-rajulu min kadhā yaʾyasu" (the man despaired of something). Thus:
19617 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: فَلَمَّا اسْتَيْأَسُوا مِنْهُ — they lost hope in him and saw his firmness in the matter.
His words خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا — that is to say: they conferred confidentially among themselves, with no one else joining them.
"Al-najiyy" (the confidant) is the company that speaks confidentially among themselves; it is used for the singular and the plural, just as one says: "rajulun ʿadlun wa-rijālun ʿadlun" (a just man and just men), and "qawmun zawrun wa-fiṭrun." It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the verb "najawtu fulānan anjūhi najiyyan" — which is then used as a quality and an adjective. As proof that this is as we have described stands the word of Allah: وَقَرَّبْنَاهُ نَجِيًّا (Maryam:52) — where it describes a singular — and here it is said خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا — where it describes a plural. "Al-najiyy" is made plural as "anjiya," as Labīd said:
"I was witness to the confidential gatherings of al-Afāqa, while my rank was high and the retainers of kings were present."
For a group of people one also says "najwā," as Allah — exalted is His praise — said: وَإِذْ هُمْ نَجْوَى (al-Isrāʾ:47), and: مَا يَكُونُ مِنْ نَجْوَى ثَلاثَةٍ (al-Mujādala:7) — these are the people who speak confidentially among themselves. "Al-najwā" can also be a verbal noun, as Allah said: إِنَّمَا النَّجْوَى مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ (al-Mujādala:10). One says: "najawtu anjū najwā" — and in this case it is the act of speaking confidentially itself. This is also supported by the poet's verse:
"My little son, the confidential talk of men is deceptive — so with your secret be the trusted one of the confidant."
"Al-najwā" and "al-najiyy" in this verse have the same meaning, namely confidential speech; the poet combined both dialectal forms.
In accordance with what we have said about the explanation of خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا , the people of exegesis also said.
Mention of who said that:
19618 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: ʿAmr related to us, on the authority of Asbāṭ, on the authority of al-Suddī: فَلَمَّا اسْتَيْأَسُوا مِنْهُ خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا — and Shimʿūn had been released to them, for he had held him as a pledge. They withdrew apart, deliberating among themselves.
19619 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning the words خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا : they withdrew apart alone, deliberating.
19620 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا — that is to say: some of them withdrew apart with others and said: "What is your opinion?"
His words قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — the scholars differed about who is meant by it.
Some said: by it is meant their eldest in intellect and knowledge, not in age — namely Shimʿūn; they say: Rūbīl was older in year of birth.
Mention of who said that:
19621 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ : he said: it is Shimʿūn who stayed behind; older than him in year of birth — or: older than them — was Rūbīl.
19622 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad related to us, saying: Shabāba related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — Shimʿūn who stayed behind; older than him in year of birth was Rūbīl.
19623 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — the same.
19624 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq informed us, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Zubayr related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — he said: Shimʿūn who stayed behind; the eldest of them in year of birth was Rūbīl.
Others said: no, by it is meant their eldest in age — namely Rūbīl.
Mention of who said that:
19625 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — that is Rūbīl, the brother of Yūsuf, his maternal cousin, and he is the one who had forbidden them to kill him.
19626 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — he said: Rūbīl; and he is the one who had advised them not to kill him.
19627 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: ʿAmr related to us, on the authority of Asbāṭ, on the authority of al-Suddī: قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ — in knowledge — إِنَّ أَبَاكُمْ قَدْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَوْثِقًا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَمِنْ قَبْلُ مَا فَرَّطْتُمْ فِي يُوسُفَ فَلَنْ أَبْرَحَ الأَرْضَ — the verse — Rūbīl thus remained in Egypt and the nine returned to Yaʿqūb and informed him of the event; he wept and said: "Sons, every time you go you return with one man fewer! The first time you went and returned without Yūsuf; the second time you went and returned without Shimʿūn; and now you have gone and return without Rūbīl!"
19628 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: فَلَمَّا اسْتَيْأَسُوا مِنْهُ خَلَصُوا نَجِيًّا — he said: "What is your opinion?" Rūbīl said — so it was related to me, and he was the eldest of the company: أَلَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ أَبَاكُمْ قَدْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَوْثِقًا مِنَ اللَّهِ لَتَأْتُنَّنِي بِهِ إِلا أَنْ يُحَاطَ بِكُمْ وَمِنْ قَبْلُ مَا فَرَّطْتُمْ فِي يُوسُفَ — the verse.
Abū Jaʿfar said: The most correct opinion concerning this is that of whoever says that by قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ Rūbīl is meant, because of the consensus of all that he was the eldest of them in age. And the Arabs, in speech, when it is said unconnectedly without addition "fulān kabīr al-qawm" (so-and-so is the eldest of the people), understand only one of two meanings: either the greatest in leadership and standing over them, or the greatest in age. As for the greatest in intellect — when they mean that, they add it and say: "he is the eldest of them in intellect." When it is uttered unconnectedly without such an addition, nothing is understood other than what I have mentioned.
The people of exegesis also say: Shimʿūn — even though he stood at the level of knowledge and intellect that Allah had granted him — had no leadership and standing above his brothers, such that one would know on that basis that by قَالَ كَبِيرُهُمْ he was meant. That being so, only the other possibility remains: the greatest in age; and all whom we have mentioned say: "Rūbīl was the eldest of the company in age." By this the opinion which we have chosen is proven correct.
His words أَلَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ أَبَاكُمْ قَدْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَوْثِقًا مِنَ اللَّهِ — that is to say: did you not know, O people, that your father Yaʿqūb had taken from you the covenants and pledges (ʿuhūd wa-mawāthīq) of Allah: that we would surely bring him back to him, unless you all be surrounded? وَمِنْ قَبْلُ مَا فَرَّطْتُمْ فِي يُوسُفَ — and before, prior to this action of yours, your falling short with regard to Yūsuf. That is to say: did you not know, before this moment, of your falling short with regard to Yūsuf? When the explanation of the expression is directed in this manner as we have said, then "mā" stands in the position of a word in the accusative case.
It is also possible that his words وَمِنْ قَبْلُ مَا فَرَّطْتُمْ فِي يُوسُفَ are a new separate sentence, and that his words أَلَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ أَبَاكُمْ قَدْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْكُمْ مَوْثِقًا مِنَ اللَّهِ are a completed statement; "mā" then stands in the position of a case in the nominative, as if it were said: "and before this your falling short with regard to Yūsuf" — where "mā" is in the nominative by means of "min qablu."
Moreover, it is possible that "mā" is a filler inserted into the expression as a connective, and then the explanation of the expression would be: and before this you fell short with regard to Yūsuf.
His words فَلَنْ أَبْرَحَ الأَرْضَ — the land in which I am, namely Egypt — and leaving it, حَتَّى يَأْذَنَ لِي أَبِي — granting me permission to depart from it. Thus:
19629 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: فَلَنْ أَبْرَحَ الأَرْضَ — the land in which I am today — حَتَّى يَأْذَنَ لِي أَبِي — granting me permission to depart from it.
19630 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: Shimʿūn said: لَنْ أَبْرَحَ الأَرْضَ حَتَّى يَأْذَنَ لِي أَبِي أَوْ يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ لِي وَهُوَ خَيْرُ الْحَاكِمِينَ .
His words أَوْ يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ لِي — or my Lord decides for me concerning departing from it and leaving my brother Binyāmīn; otherwise I will not leave. وَهُوَ خَيْرُ الْحَاكِمِينَ — that is to say: Allah is the best of those who judge and the most just of arbiters between people.
Abū Ṣāliḥ used to say concerning it:
19631 — Al-Ḥusayn ibn Yazīd al-Sabīʿī related to me, saying: ʿAbd al-Salām ibn Ḥarb related to us, on the authority of Ismāʿīl ibn Abī Khālid, on the authority of Abī Ṣāliḥ, concerning the words حَتَّى يَأْذَنَ لِي أَبِي أَوْ يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ لِي : he said: with the sword.
Abū Ṣāliḥ seems to direct the explanation of أَوْ يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ لِي toward: or Allah decides for me by means of war against the one who prevents me from bringing my brother Binyāmīn back to his father Yaʿqūb, so that I fight him.