Tafseer of Jonas · Yunus · 10:83
But no one believed Moses, except [some] youths among his people, for fear of Pharaoh and his establishment that they would persecute them. And indeed, Pharaoh was haughty within the land, and indeed, he was of the transgressors
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discussion of the explanation of the words of the Exalted: فَمَا آمَنَ لِمُوسَى إِلا ذُرِّيَّةٌ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ عَلَى خَوْفٍ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ وَمَلَئِهِمْ أَنْ يَفْتِنَهُمْ وَإِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ لَعَالٍ فِي الأَرْضِ وَإِنَّهُ لَمِنَ الْمُسْرِفِينَ (83) (But none believed in Mūsā except a progeny of his people, out of fear of Firʿawn and their chiefs, lest they should persecute them; and indeed Firʿawn was arrogant in the land, and indeed he was of those who transgress beyond bounds.)
Abū Jaʿfar says: The Exalted — exalted be His remembrance — says: None believed in Mūsā, despite the proofs and indications that he had brought them, except a progeny (dhurriyya) of his people, while they feared Firʿawn and their chiefs.
Then the exegetes differed concerning the meaning of "progeny" (dhurriyya) in this place.
Some said: "dhurriyya" in this place means: the small number.
*Mention of those who said this:*
17774 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning his word: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه — he said: Ibn ʿAbbās used to say: "dhurriyya" means: the small number.
17775 — It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Faraj, he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd informed us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning the word of Allah the Exalted: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه — "dhurriyya" means the small number, just as Allah the Exalted says: كما أنشأكم من ذرية قوم آخرين [Sūrat al-Anʿām: 133].
Others said: The meaning is: none believed in Mūsā except a progeny of those to whom Mūsā had been sent from among the Children of Israel, because of the length of time — for the fathers had died and the sons remained, and these were called "progeny" (dhurriyya) because they were the progeny of those who had perished from among those to whom Mūsā — peace be upon him — had been sent.
*Mention of those who said this:*
17776 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Ḥakkām related to us, on the authority of ʿAnbasa, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, on the authority of al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bazza, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah the Exalted: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه — he said: The children of those to whom he had been sent, through the length of time, and their fathers had died.
17777 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid —
17778 — And al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, on the authority of Warqāʾ, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, with a similar meaning.
17779 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه — he said: The children of those to whom Mūsā had been sent, through the length of time and the death of their fathers.
17780 — Al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of al-Aʿmash: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه على خوف من فرعون وملئهم أن يفتنهم — he said: The sons of those to whom he had been sent; the time had grown long and their fathers had died.
Others said: The meaning is: none believed in Mūsā except a progeny from the people of Firʿawn.
*Mention of those who said this:*
17781 — Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: My father related to me, saying: My uncle related to me, saying: My father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه على خوف من فرعون وملئهم أن يفتنهم — he said: The progeny who believed in Mūsā were people other than the Children of Israel, from the people of Firʿawn, a small number: among them the wife of Firʿawn, the believer from the family of Firʿawn, the treasurer of Firʿawn, and the wife of his treasurer.
Yet from Ibn ʿAbbās there is also transmitted a report that indicates the opposite of this position, and that is what:
17782 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning his word: ذرية من قومه — he says: The Children of Israel.
This report indicates that he held the view that "dhurriyya" in this place concerns the Children of Israel, and none other from the people of Firʿawn.
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct of these opinions for the explanation of this verse, in my view, is the opinion that I have mentioned from Mujāhid, namely that "dhurriyya" in this place is meant as the progeny of those to whom Mūsā had been sent from among the Children of Israel — who had perished before they acknowledged his prophethood, through the length of time — and that their progeny outlived them; and of these, those whom Allah named believed in Mūsā.
I say that "this opinion is the most correct" because in this verse no mention is made of anyone other than Mūsā; and it is then more correct that the "hāʾ" in the word "of his people" (min qawmihi) refers to the mention of Mūsā — because of its proximity to the mention of Mūsā — than that it refers to the mention of Firʿawn, because Firʿawn stands at a greater distance from this reference; and there is no indication to the contrary, neither from a transmission nor from reasoning.
Moreover: in the word على خوف من فرعون وملئهم there lies the clear proof that the "hāʾ" in إلا ذرية من قومه refers to the mention of Mūsā and not to that of Firʿawn — for if it were to refer to the mention of Firʿawn, the text would read: "out of fear of him" (ʿalā khawfin minhu) and not "out of fear of Firʿawn" (ʿalā khawfin min firʿawn).
As for the word على خوف من فرعون: this means that those who believed from the progeny of the people of Mūsā believed in Mūsā while they were in a state of fear of Firʿawn and his chiefs — that these would persecute them. The explanation of the text is thus: none believed in Mūsā except a progeny of his people, the Children of Israel, and they were fearful of Firʿawn and his chiefs lest these should persecute them.
Some linguists claimed that it was said "none believed in Mūsā except a dhurriyya of his people" because those who believed in him were children whose mothers were from the Children of Israel and whose fathers were from the Copts (Qibṭ), and they were called "dhurriyya" for that reason — just as the sons of the Persians whose mothers were Arab and whose fathers were non-Arab were called "abnāʾ" (sons).
The well-known meaning of "dhurriyya" in Arabic usage, however, is: the descendants of the one to whom they are ascribed, both from the paternal and the maternal side, as the Exalted — praised be His praise — says: ذرية من حملنا مع نوح [Sūrat al-Isrāʾ: 3], and as He says: ومن ذريته داود وسليمان وأيوب ويوسف and thereafter: وزكريا ويحيى وعيسى وإلياس [Sūrat al-Anʿām: 84, 85] — He counted those who descended both from the paternal and the maternal side of Ibrāhīm among his progeny (dhurriyya).
As for the word وملئهم: "malāʾ" are the chiefs. The explanation of the text is: out of fear of Firʿawn and their chiefs.
The linguists differed concerning whom is meant by the "hāʾ" and the "mīm" in the word وملئهم. Some Baṣran grammarians said: by it is meant the progeny (dhurriyya). They understood the text as: فما آمن لموسى إلا ذرية من قومه على خوف من فرعون and the chiefs of the progeny of the Children of Israel.
Some grammarians of Kūfa said: by it is meant Firʿawn. They said: this is permissible even though Firʿawn is a single person, because when a king is mentioned in the context of fear, a journey, or a return from a journey, the thought goes to him and to his company. They said: do you not see that you can say "the caliph has arrived and the people have become more numerous" — by which you mean: with those who accompany him — and "he has arrived and the prices have risen," because at his coming you include the coming of his retinue.
They also said: it is possible to mean that by "Firʿawn" the family of Firʿawn is meant, with "āl" (family) being omitted — this is permissible, as it is said: واسأل القرية [Sūrat Yūsuf: 82], by which is meant: the people of the town; and the parallel to it is the word: يا أيها النبي إذا طلقتم النساء فطلقوهن لعدتهن [Sūrat al-Ṭalāq: 1].
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct opinion concerning this, in my view, is the opinion of those who said that the "hāʾ" and the "mīm" refer to "dhurriyya," and that the text is explained thus: out of fear of Firʿawn and the chiefs of the progeny — for among the progeny of the generation to whom Mūsā had been sent, there were those whose father was a Copt and whose mother was an Israelite. Whoever was so disposed stood on the side of Firʿawn and against Mūsā.
As for the word أن يفتنهم: this means that the belief of those who believed from the progeny of the people of Mūsā was accompanied by fear of Firʿawn — that he would persecute them (yaftinahum) through punishment (ʿadhāb), and thus turn them away from their religion and move them to turn back from their belief and to deny Allah.
It reads أن يفتنهم in the singular and not "lest they should persecute them" (yaftinūhum) in the plural, because of the report previously mentioned about Firʿawn: that his people were in the same state as he was — which follows from his word: على خوف من فرعون وملئهم.
As for the word وإن فرعون لعال في الأرض: the Exalted — exalted be His remembrance — says: Indeed, Firʿawn was a tyrant who showed himself arrogant toward Allah upon His earth — وإنه لمن المسرفين: and indeed, he was among those who overstepped the bound from the lawful to the unlawful — and that concerned his disbelief in Allah, his neglect of belief in Him, his denial of the oneness of Allah, his claim of divinity for himself, and his unlawful shedding of blood.
Footnotes:
(12) See the explanation of "dhurriyya" in what has been discussed earlier: volume 12, pp. 127–128, note 1, and the sources mentioned there. See also the explanation of the meaning "the small number" in the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān of al-Farrāʾ, volume 1, p. 476.
(13) In the printed edition it reads: "yunbiʾu ʿanhu," but I follow the manuscript text.
(14) This is al-Farrāʾ in the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān, volume 1, p. 476.
(15) See the explanation of "malāʾ" in what has been discussed earlier, p. 155, note 1, and the sources mentioned there.
(16) In the printed edition it reads "grammarians of Kūfa," but I follow the manuscript text.
(17) In the printed edition it reads "fear," but the correct reading comes from the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān of al-Farrāʾ. The manuscript copyist omitted and wrote: "for the king, and he said: do you not see."
(18) In the printed edition it reads: "for we mean at his coming...," and in the manuscript: "for we mean at his coming and the coming of his retinue" — this is incorrect; I follow the text of the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān of al-Farrāʾ.
(19) In the printed edition it reads "and with the omission of," and in the manuscript: "then one omits: āl Firʿawn" — this is incorrect; the correct reading comes from the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān.
(20) The foregoing is the text of the statement of al-Farrāʾ in the Maʿānī al-Qurʾān, volume 1, pp. 476–477.
(21) See the explanation of "fitna" in the previously compiled registers of word usage (f-t-n).
(22) See the explanation of "isrāf" in what has been discussed earlier, p. 37, note 2, and the sources mentioned there.