Tafseer of Jonas · Yunus · 10:61
And, [O Muhammad], you are not [engaged] in any matter or recite any of the Qur'an and you [people] do not do any deed except that We are witness over you when you are involved in it. And not absent from your Lord is any [part] of an atom's weight within the earth or within the heaven or [anything] smaller than that or greater but that it is in a clear register.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the meaning of Allah's words: وَمَا تَكُونُ فِي شَأْنٍ وَمَا تَتْلُو مِنْهُ مِنْ قُرْآنٍ وَلا تَعْمَلُونَ مِنْ عَمَلٍ إِلا كُنَّا عَلَيْكُمْ شُهُودًا إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ وَمَا يَعْزُبُ عَنْ رَبِّكَ مِنْ مِثْقَالِ ذَرَّةٍ فِي الأَرْضِ وَلا فِي السَّمَاءِ وَلا أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ إِلا فِي كِتَابٍ مُبِينٍ (61)
Abū Jaʿfar says: Allah — exalted be His mention — says to His Prophet ﷺ: وَمَا تَكُونُ — "And you are not," O Muḥammad, فِي شَأْنٍ — "in any matter," that is to say: in any work among the works — وَمَا تَتْلُو مِنْهُ مِنْ قُرْآنٍ — "and you do not recite from the Book of Allah any Qurʾān" — وَلا تَعْمَلُونَ مِنْ عَمَلٍ — "and you perform no deed at all," O people, whether good or evil — إِلا كُنَّا عَلَيْكُمْ شُهُودًا — that is to say: except that We are witnesses over your deeds and your affairs, while you perform them and are occupied with them. إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ
And in the same sense in which we have explained this, the opinion is related from Ibn ʿAbbās and a group of the scholars.
Mention of those who said this:
17696 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His words إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ : "that is to say: when you act."
Others said: the meaning of it is: "when you spread the lie about the Qurʾān."
Mention of those who said this:
17697 — It was related to me, on the authority of al-Musayyab ibn Sharīk, on the authority of Abū Rawq, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk: إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ — he said: "you spread lies about the Qurʾān."
Others said: the meaning of it is: "when you spread the truth."
Mention of those who said this:
17698 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ — "in the truth, whatever it may be."
17699 — … he said: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, on the authority of Warqāʾ, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — the same.
17700 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — the same.
Abū Jaʿfar says: The reason why we chose the opinion that we chose is that Allah — exalted be His mention — has made known that there is no deed His servants perform but that He is a witness to it; and He connected this with His words إِذْ يُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ . Thus it was known that His words إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ are merely an announcement about the moment in which those who act do act, of which He is the witness — not about the moment in which the Prophet ﷺ recites the Qurʾān. For if it were an announcement about His witnessing — exalted be His mention — of the moment in which the people expatiate upon the Qurʾān, then the reading would be with the yāʾ: "إِذْ يُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ" — as an announcement about the deniers.
If someone says: this is not an announcement about the deniers, but rather an address to the Prophet ﷺ — that He is a witness to him when he recites the Qurʾān — then the answer is: if that were the case, the revelation would be: إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ — for the Prophet ﷺ is one, not plural, as He says: وَمَا تَتْلُو مِنْهُ مِنْ قُرْآنٍ , addressing him in the singular. But this belongs to the cases in which Allah begins by addressing him ﷺ in the singular and then passes over to the plural form — comparable to His words: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ (Sūrat al-Ṭalāq: 1) — for in His words إِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ there is a clear indication that the address has been turned toward the community of the Muslims together with the Prophet ﷺ, because He began by addressing him and then directed the address to the people in general, with the Prophet ﷺ belonging to them.
And it is an announcement that none of His servants performs a deed but that He is a witness to it — He counts it and knows it — as He says: وَمَا يَعْزُبُ عَنْ رَبِّكَ — "and there does not escape your Lord," O Muḥammad, the deed of His creatures, and no knowledge of any matter eludes Him, wherever it may be in the earth or in the heaven.
The origin of this word derives from "a man's staying away from his family to tend his livestock" — that is to say: his absence from them for that purpose. One says for it: "ʿazaba al-rajul ʿan ahlihi yaʿzubu wa-yaʿzibu."
These are two classical linguistic choices; each of them has been read by a group of the Qurʾān reciters. Whoever among them chooses either of the two readings is correct, given the agreement of their meanings and their prevalence in Arabic usage. However, I incline toward the ḍamma in it, because it predominates in the tradition of the most well-known reciters.
And His words مِنْ مِثْقَالِ ذَرَّةٍ — that is to say: the weight of a small ant.
It is related concerning the Arabs: "Take this, for it is lighter in weight than that" — that is to say: lighter in measure.
And "al-dharra" is the singular of "al-dharr," and "al-dharr" are the small ants.
Abū Jaʿfar says: And this is an announcement that nothing is hidden from Him — glorious be His majesty — neither the smallest of things, however light in weight they may be, nor their quantities and magnitude, nor the largest of things, however great and heavy in weight they may be, and however much they may amount to. Allah — exalted be His mention — says to His creatures: "Let your deeds, O people, be in that which pleases your Lord concerning you — for We are witnesses to your deeds, nothing of them is hidden from Us, and We count them and shall requite you for them."
And the Qurʾān reciters differed over the reading of His words: وَلا أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ .
The majority of the reciters read this with a fatḥa on the rāʾ of أَصْغَرَ and أَكْبَرَ , on the basis of the meaning of the genitive — as an appendage to al-dharra, and al-akbar as an appendage to al-aṣghar — their rāʾ being pronounced with a fatḥa because both are not declined (diptote).
Some of the Kufan reciters read this: وَلا أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ — in the nominative, as an appendage to the meaning of "al-mithqāl," for its meaning is the nominative. For if one were to remove "min" from the sentence, "al-mithqāl" would be in the nominative, and the sentence would then read: "and there does not escape your Lord the weight of an ant, nor anything smaller than the weight of an ant, nor anything larger" — comparable to His words: مِنْ خَالِقٍ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ and غَيْرُ اللَّهِ (Sūrat Fāṭir: 3).
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct of the two readings in it is the reading of the one who reads with the fatḥa, on the basis of the genitive and the referring back to al-dharra — for that is the reading of the reciters of the great cities, and the vast majority of the reciters follow it, and it is linguistically the most correct in origin — even though the other reading has a known basis.
And His words إِلا فِي كِتَابٍ — He says: "all that is only in a Book with Allah" — مُبِينٍ — "that makes clear the reality of Allah's announcement to whoever looks into it" — that there is nothing that was or shall be but that Allah — glorious be His praise — has counted it therein, and that the knowledge of none of His creatures, wherever it may be in His heaven or His earth, eludes Allah.
17701 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His words وَمَا يَعْزُبُ — he said: "nothing escapes Him."
17702 — Muḥammad ibn ʿUmāra related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, saying: Isrāʾīl informed us, on the authority of Abū Yaḥyā, on the authority of Mujāhid, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: وَمَا يَعْزُبُ عَنْ رَبِّكَ — he said: "nothing escapes Him."