Tafseer of The Spoils of War · Al-Anfaal · 8:59
And let not those who disbelieve think they will escape. Indeed, they will not cause failure [to Allah].
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The Word concerning the Interpretation of His saying: وَلا يَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَبَقُوا إِنَّهُمْ لا يُعْجِزُونَ (59) ("And let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped; verily, they cannot render [Allah] powerless." (59))
Abū Jaʿfar said: The reciters have differed over its reading.
The general body of reciters of the Ḥijāz and of Iraq read it thus: "wa-lā taḥsabanna alladhīna kafarū sabaqū innahum," with a kasra on the hamza of "innahum" and with the tāʾ in "taḥsabanna" — with the meaning: and think not, O Muḥammad, that those who disbelieve have outstripped us and escaped us with their own selves. Then the report concerning Allah's power over them is begun anew, and it is said: verily, these disbelievers cannot render their Lord powerless, when He seeks them out and wills to punish them and destroy them, such that they would escape Him with their own selves.
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And some reciters of Medina and Kūfa read it thus: "(wa-lā yaḥsabanna alladhīna kafarū)," with the yāʾ in "yaḥsabanna" and with a kasra on the hamza of "(innahum)."
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And this is a reading that is not to be commended, for two reasons. The one is that it departs from the reading of the reciters and is anomalous in relation to it; and the other is its remoteness from the eloquent speech of the Arabs. That is because "yaḥsabu" in the language of the Arabs requires an accusative and its predicate, as in his saying: "ʿAbdallāh thinks that your brother is standing," or "is rising" or "has risen." Whoever reads this reading has given "yaḥsabu" a predicate without any subject being mentioned about which a report is given. For his intent was, according to my supposition: and let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped — verily, they do not render us powerless. But he did not reflect upon the soundness of the construction of the speech and its deficiency, and applied in his reading thereof that which presented itself to his mind from the understood meaning of the speech. And I suppose that what led him to that was his orienting himself toward the reading of ʿAbdallāh [ibn Masʿūd]. For in the muṣḥaf of ʿAbdallāh there stands, according to what is transmitted: "wa-lā yaḥsabanna alladhīna kafarū annahum sabaqū innahum lā yuʿjizūna" — and this is eloquent and correct, when one inserts "annahum" into the speech, because "yaḥsabanna" then operates upon "annahum"; and when "annahum" is not in the speech, it is bereft of a substantive upon which it would operate.
And for whichever of the reciters reads it thus, there are two possible interpretations in the language of the Arabs, even though both are far from their eloquent speech:
The first: that by it is meant: and let not those who disbelieve think "an sabaqū" (that they have escaped) or "annahum sabaqū" (that they have escaped) — and then "an" and "annahum" are elided, as the Exalted, whose praise is exalted, says: وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفًا وَطَمَعًا ("And among His signs is that He shows you the lightning, [causing] fear and hope") [al-Rūm: 24], with the meaning: "an yuriyakum" (that He shows you). And in such cases a verse of Dhū al-Rumma is sometimes recited:
"I think that the son of Ṭurthūth, ʿUtayba, is making off with my old well — his lies and his bribes [aiding him therein]."
with the meaning: I think that the son of Ṭurthūth will make off with my old well by means of his lies and his bribes. Likewise, the reading of whoever reads this with the yāʾ orients "sabaqū" toward "sābiqīn" (as escapers) in accordance with this meaning.
And the second possibility: that he intended to elide an accusative governed by "yaḥsabu," as though he said: and let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped — and then "annahum" was elided and implied.
And some have interpreted the meaning of His saying إِنَّمَا ذَلِكُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ يُخَوِّفُ أَوْلِيَاءَهُ ("Verily, that is only Satan frightening his allies") [sūrat Āl ʿImrān: 175] thus: verily, that is only Satan frightening the believer concerning his allies — and that the mention of the believer is implied in his saying "yukhawwifu" (he frightens), since Satan, according to him, does not frighten his own allies.
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And some people of Syria (al-Shaʾm) read it thus: "wa-lā taḥsabanna alladhīna kafarū" with the tāʾ in "taḥsabanna" — "(sabaqū annahum lā yuʿjizūna)," with a fatḥa on the hamza of "annahum," with the meaning: and think not that those who disbelieve are such as cannot be rendered powerless.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And there is no comprehensible interpretation for this reading, unless the reciter intended by the "lā" in "yuʿjizūna" the "lā" that is inserted into the speech as a filler and connector (ṣila). Then the meaning of the speech at that point would be: and think not that those who disbelieve have escaped, that they render [Allah] powerless. But there is no warrant to orient a letter in the Book of Allah toward redundancy (taṭwīl), without a proof to which one must submit, while the [speech] has a sound way out.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And the correct reading therein, in my view, is the reading of whoever reads: "(lā taḥsabanna)" with the tāʾ, "(alladhīna kafarū sabaqū innahum)" with a kasra on the hamza of "innahum," "(lā yuʿjizūna)" — with the meaning: and think not, O Muḥammad, that those who denied the proofs of Allah and held them to be lies have outstripped us with their own selves and escaped us; verily, they do not render us powerless — that is to say: they do not escape us with their own selves, and they are not able to flee from us, as —
16223 - Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "(and let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped; verily, they do not render [Allah] powerless)," he says: they do not escape.