Tafseer of Man · Al-Insaan · 76:2
Indeed, We created man from a sperm-drop mixture that We may try him; and We made him hearing and seeing.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
His statement: إِنَّا خَلَقْنَا الإنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ ("Indeed, We created man from a mingled drop, to test him") — the Exalted, whose praise is mentioned, says: indeed, We created the descendants of Adam from a drop (nuṭfa), that is to say: from the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman. The "nuṭfa" is any small quantity of fluid in a vessel, whether that be a well, a waterskin, or anything else, as ʿAbd Allāh ibn Rawāḥa said:
"Are you anything other than a drop in a leather bag?"
And His statement: أمْشاجٍ means: mixtures (akhlāṭ); the singular of it is "mashj" and "mashīj," like "khidn" and "khidīn." Of this is the statement of Ruʾba ibn al-ʿAjjāj:
"They cast off every prematurely born one, sobbing, not yet clothed with skin, mingled with blood (amshāj)."
One says of this: "I mingled this with that (mashajtu)" when you have mixed it with it; and it is "mamshūj bihi" and "mashīj," that is to say: mingled with it, as Abū Dhuʾayb said:
"It was as though the feathers and its two notches, amid the blade, were speckled with something mingled (mashīj)."
The exegetes differed concerning the meaning of "al-amshāj" that is intended in this place. Some said: it is the mingling of the fluid of the man with the fluid of the woman.
* Mention of who said that:
Abū Kurayb and Abū Hishām al-Rifāʿī related to us, both saying: Wakīʿ related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn al-Aṣbahānī, on the authority of ʿIkrima: أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ , he said: the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman, the one is mingled with the other.
Abū Hishām related to us, he said: Ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn al-Aṣbahānī, on the authority of ʿIkrima, he said: the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman mingle.
He said: Abū Usāma related to us, he said: Zakariyyā related to us, on the authority of ʿAṭiyya, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: the fluid of the woman and the fluid of the man mingle.
He said: ʿUbayd Allāh related to us, he said: Isrāʾīl informed us, on the authority of al-Suddī, from someone who related it to him, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: the fluid of the woman and the fluid of the man mingle.
He said: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, he said: Abū Jaʿfar informed us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ ibn Anas, he said: when the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman unite, then that is "amshāj."
He said: Abū Usāma related to us, he said: al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, he said: the fluid of the woman was mingled with the fluid of the man.
He said: ʿUbayd Allāh related to us, he said: ʿUthmān ibn al-Aswad informed us, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: Allah created the child from the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman; and Allah has said: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ وَأُنْثَى ("O mankind, indeed We created you from a male and a female").
He said: ʿUbayd Allāh related to us, he said: Isrāʾīl informed us, on the authority of Abū Yaḥyā, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: he is created from the stages of the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman.
Others said: by it is meant only: indeed, We created man from a drop of colors to which it passes; it is a drop (nuṭfa), then becomes a clot of blood (ʿalaqa), then a lump of flesh (muḍgha), then bone, and then it is clothed with flesh.
* Mention of who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning his statement: إِنَّا خَلَقْنَا الإنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ : "al-amshāj" — he is created from colors: he is created from dust, then from the fluid of the genitals and the womb, and that is the drop, then a clot of blood, then a lump of flesh, then bone, then He brought him forth as another creation; so that is it.
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Simāk, on the authority of ʿIkrima, concerning this verse: أمْشاجٍ , he said: a drop, then a clot of blood, then a lump of flesh, then bone.
Al-Rifāʿī related to us, he said: Wahb ibn Jarīr and Yaʿqūb al-Ḥaḍramī related to us, on the authority of Shuʿba, on the authority of Simāk, on the authority of ʿIkrima, he said: a drop, then a clot of blood.
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning his statement: إِنَّا خَلَقْنَا الإنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ : the stages of creation — a stage as a drop, a stage as a clot of blood, a stage as a lump of flesh, a stage as bones; then Allah clothed the bones with flesh, then He brought him forth as another creation: He caused his hair to grow.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning his statement: أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ , he said: "al-amshāj": the fluid and the blood mingled, then it became a clot of blood, then it became a lump of flesh.
Others said: by it is meant the diversity of the colors of the drop.
* Mention of who said that:
ʿAlī related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning his statement: أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ , he says: of various colors.
Abū Hishām related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Yamān related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: the colors of the drop.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us — and al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: according to which of the two fluids came first, the child resembles its paternal uncles or its maternal uncles.
He said: Wakīʿ related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: أَمْشَاجٍ نَبْتَلِيهِ , he said: the colors of the drop; the fluid of the man is white and red, and the fluid of the woman is red and green.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Mihrān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, something similar.
Others said: no, they are the veins that are in the drop.
* Mention of who said that:
Abū Kurayb and Abū Hishām related to us, both saying: Wakīʿ related to us, he said: al-Masʿūdī related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mukhāriq, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh, he said: "amshāju-hā": her veins.
Abū Hishām related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Yamān related to us, he said: Usāma ibn Zayd related to us, on the authority of his father, he said: they are the veins that are in the drop.
The most consonant with correctness of these statements is the statement of him who said: its meaning مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ is: the fluid of the man and the fluid of the woman, because Allah described the drop as "amshāj"; and when it passes over and becomes a clot of blood, then it has changed from the meaning of the drop — how then can a drop be "amshāj" while it is a clot of blood? As for those who said: the fluid of the man is white and red — it is well known that the fluid of the man is of one color, namely white inclining toward red; and when it is one color, it cannot consist of various colors. And I suppose that those who said: they are the veins that are in the drop, intended this meaning.
And Ibn Ḥumayd had already related to us, he said: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ ibn Abī Rabāḥ, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: man is created only from the small portion of the drop. Do you not see that when the child is hushed into silence, you see upon him something like saliva (al-rīr)? Indeed, the son of Adam is created from something of that kind of the drop: "amshāj nabtalīhi."
And His statement: نَبْتَلِيهِ means: We put him to the test. Some of the philologists used to say: the meaning is: We made him hearing and seeing in order to test him, so that it is a preposed clause whose meaning comes at the end; the meaning is only: We created him and made him hearing and seeing in order to test him. But there is, in my view, no valid basis for what he said, and that is because the testing takes place only through the soundness of the instruments and the integrity of the intellect from defects, even if hearing and sight are absent. As for His informing us that He has given us hearing and sight in this verse, that is a reminder from Him to us of His favors and an indication of the place of gratitude. The testing, however, comes about through creation together with the soundness of the natural constitution and the integrity of the intellect from defects, as He has said: وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالإِنْسَ إِلا لِيَعْبُدُونِ ("And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me").
And His statement: فَجَعَلْنَاهُ سَمِيعًا بَصِيرًا ("and We made him hearing and seeing") — the Exalted, whose praise is mentioned, says: and We provided him with hearing by which he hears, and with sight by which he sees, as a favor from Allah to His servants thereby, and as a mercy from Him for them, and as a proof from Him against them.