Tabari (1 passage)

1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

   The scholars of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) differed concerning the interpretation of His word: بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ("of what he has sent forward and what he has deferred/left behind"). Some of them said: the meaning of it is: of what he has sent ahead of himself in good or evil deed, namely what he performed in this world before his death, and what he left behind after his death of evil or good [consequences], that is, an evil deed that is performed [by others] after him.

   * Mention of who said that:

   ʿAlī related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, [concerning] his word: يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ("man is informed on that Day of what he has sent forward and what he has left behind"), he says: what he performed before his death, and what he instituted [as a practice] so that it was performed after his death.

   Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Jazarī, on the authority of Ziyād ibn Abī Maryam, on the authority of Ibn Masʿūd, he said: بِمَا قَدَّمَ of his [own] deed, وأخَّرَ of a custom (sunna) that was performed after him, whether good or evil.

   And others said: no, the meaning of it is: man is informed of what he has sent forward of disobedience and what he has left behind of obedience.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, [concerning] his word: يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ , he says: of what he has sent forward of disobedience and what he has left behind of obedience; of that he is informed.

   And others said: no, the meaning of it is: he is informed of the beginning of his deed and the end of it.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Muʾammal related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, [concerning] يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ , he said: of the beginning of his deed and the end of it.

   Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Mihrān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Mujāhid, the like of it.

   Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Wakīʿ related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, the like of it.

   And Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid and Ibrāhīm, the like of it.

   And others said: no, the meaning of it is: بمَا قَدَّمَ of obedience, وأخَّرَ of the rights of Allah which he neglected.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, [concerning] his word: يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ of obedience to Allah, وأخَّرَ of what he neglected of the right of Allah.

   Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, [concerning] بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ , he said: of what he sent forward of obedience to Him, and what he left behind of the rights of Allah.

   And others said: no, the meaning of it is: of what he sent forward of good or evil deed which he performed, and what he left behind of that which he failed to do of obedience to Allah.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said, concerning His word: يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ , he said: what he left behind [is] that which he omitted of deeds and did not perform, what he omitted of obedience to Allah and did not perform; and what he sent forward [is] that which he performed of good or evil.

   And the correct [view] in this matter, according to us, is that this is a notification from Allah that man is informed of all that he has sent ahead of himself of good or evil that he performed during his life, and what he left behind himself of good or evil custom — that is what he has sent forward and left behind. Likewise: what he sent forward of a deed that he performed, whether good or evil, and what he left behind of a deed to which he was obligated but which he neglected and did not perform — that is [also] what he sent forward and left behind. Allah did not single out one part of it to the exclusion of another; all of this belongs to that of which man is informed on the Day of Resurrection.

   Show original Arabic

   واختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله: ( بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) فقال بعضهم: معنى ذلك: بما قدّم من عمل خير، أو شرّ أمامه، مما عمله في الدنيا قبل مماته، وما أخَّر بعد مماته من سيئة وحسنة، أو سيئة يعمل بها من بعده. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني علي، قال: ثنا أبو صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس، قوله: ( يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) يقول: ما عمل قبل موته، وما سَنّ فعُمِل به بعد موته. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا ابن ثور، عن معمر، عن عبد الكريم الجزري، عن زياد بن أبي مريم عن ابن مسعود قال: ( بِمَا قَدَّمَ ) من عمله ( وأخَّرَ ) من سنة عمل بها من بعده من خير أو شرّ. وقال آخرون: بل معنى ذلك: يُنَبأُ الإنسان بما قدم من المعصية، وأخر من الطاعة. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس قوله: ( يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) يقول: بما قدّم من المعصية، وأخَّر من الطاعة، فينبأ بذلك. وقال آخرون: بل معنى ذلك: ينبأ بأوّل عمله وآخره. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا ابن بشار، قال: ثنا مؤمل، قال: ثنا سفيان، عن منصور عن مجاهد ( يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) قال: بأول عمله وآخره. حدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا مهران، عن سفيان، عن مجاهد، مثله. حدثنا أبو كُرَيب، قال: ثنا وكيع، عن سفيان، عن منصور، عن مجاهد، مثله. وحدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا جرير، عن منصور، عن مجاهد وإبراهيم، مثله. وقال آخرون: بل معنى ذلك: ( بمَا قَدَّمَ ) من طاعة ( وأخَّرَ ) من حقوق الله التي ضيَّعها. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله: ( يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ ) من طاعة الله ( وأخَّرَ ) مما ضيع من حقّ الله. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا ابن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة ( بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) قال: بما قَدّم من طاعته، وأخَّر من حقوق الله. وقال آخرون: بل معنى ذلك: بما قدّم من خير أو شرّ مما عمله، وما أخَّر مما ترك عمله من طاعة الله. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله: ( يُنَبَّأُ الإنْسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ ) قال: ما أخر ما ترك من العمل لم يعمله، ما ترك من طاعة الله لم يعمل به، وما قدم: ما عمل من خير أو شرّ. والصواب من القول في ذلك عندنا، أن ذلك خبر من الله أن الإنسان ينبأ بكلّ ما قدّم أمامه مما عمل من خير أو شرّ في حياته، وأخَّر بعده من سنة حسنة أو سيئة مما قدّم وأخَّر، كذلك ما قدّم من عمل عمله من خير أو شرّ، وأخَّر بعده من عمل كان عليه فضيَّعه، فلم يعمله مما قدّم وأخَّر، ولم يخصص الله من ذلك بعضا دون بعض، فكلّ ذلك مما ينبأ به الإنسان يوم القيامة.