Tabari (1 passage)

1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

   The Exalted, whose praise is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: O Prophet, who has forbidden to yourself what Allah has made lawful to you, and who thereby seeks the good pleasure of his wives — why do you forbid to yourself the lawful that Allah has made lawful to you, while by that prohibition you seek the good pleasure of your wives?

   The people of knowledge differed concerning the lawful thing that Allah, whose praise is exalted, had made lawful to His Messenger, and which he then forbade to himself in order to seek the good pleasure of his wives. Some of them said: that was Māriya, his Coptic slave-woman (mamlūka); he forbade her to himself with an oath that he would not approach her, in order thereby to obtain the satisfaction of Ḥafṣa bint ʿUmar, his wife, because she had become jealous when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had secluded himself with her (Māriya) on her (Ḥafṣa's) day and in her chamber.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Barqī related to me, he said: Ibn Abī Maryam related to me, he said: Abū Ghassān related to us, he said: Zayd ibn Aslam related to me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had intercourse with the mother of Ibrāhīm in the house of one of his wives. He said: she said: O Messenger of Allah, in my house and on my bed! Then he declared her forbidden to himself. She said: O Messenger of Allah, how can you forbid to yourself the lawful? Then he swore to her by Allah that he would not have intercourse with her. Thereupon Allah, mighty and exalted is He, revealed: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you, while you seek the good pleasure of your wives?). Zayd said: his statement "you are forbidden to me" is null and void (laghw).

   Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, he said: Ibn ʿUlayya related to me, he said: Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind related to us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, he said: Masrūq said: the Prophet ﷺ forbade his slave-woman (jāriya) and swore an oath that he would abstain from her, and thus he made the lawful forbidden; and concerning the oath He said: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ (Allah has prescribed for you the absolution of your oaths).

   Yūnus ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Dāwūd, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, on the authority of Masrūq, he said: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ swore an oath of abstention (īlāʾ) and declared forbidden, and he was reproached over the prohibition, and the expiation (kaffāra) for the oath was imposed upon him.

   Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said, on the authority of Mālik, on the authority of Zayd ibn Aslam: he said to her: you are forbidden to me, and by Allah, I will not have intercourse with you.

   Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you, while you seek the good pleasure of your wives?). He said: al-Shaʿbī used to say: he forbade her to himself and swore that he would not approach her; then he was reproached over the prohibition, and the expiation came over the oath.

   Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda and ʿĀmir al-Shaʿbī, that the Prophet ﷺ forbade his slave-woman. Al-Shaʿbī said: he swore an oath together with the prohibition; then Allah reproached him over the prohibition and instituted for him the expiation for the oath.

   Yūnus related to us, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?). He said: one of the wives of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with his slave-woman in her house. She said: O Messenger of Allah, how could this happen, when I was the least of them in your eyes? Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to her: "Be silent, mention this to no one; she is forbidden to me, if I ever approach her after this." She said: O Messenger of Allah, how can you forbid to yourself what Allah has made lawful to you, when you say: she is forbidden to me forever? He said: by Allah, I will never approach her again. Then Allah said: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?) ... the verse; I have forgiven you this, and also your statement "by Allah." قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ مَوْلاكُمْ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ (Allah has prescribed for you the absolution of your oaths, and Allah is your Protector, and He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise).

   It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn, he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd related to us, he said: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?): the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had a young slave-woman, and he had intercourse with her. Ḥafṣa saw him, and that day was the day of ʿĀʾisha; the two supported one another. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Keep it secret for me and do not mention to ʿĀʾisha what you have seen." But Ḥafṣa mentioned it to ʿĀʾisha, and ʿĀʾisha became angry and kept pressing the Prophet of Allah ﷺ until he swore that he would never approach her again. Then Allah revealed this verse and commanded him to expiate his oath and to have intercourse with his slave-woman.

   Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of ʿĀmir, concerning the word of Allah ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?): it concerned a slave-woman to whom he had come, and Ḥafṣa caught sight of him. He said: she is forbidden to me, so keep that secret and inform no one of it. But she mentioned that.

   Others said: no, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade his slave-woman, and Allah, mighty and exalted is He, equated his forbidding of her with an oath, and imposed regarding it the same expiation as He had imposed for the oath when the one who swears it breaks it.

   * Mention of who said that:

   ʿAlī related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ (Allah has prescribed for you the absolution of your oaths): Allah commanded the Prophet ﷺ and the believers that, when they forbid anything of what Allah has made lawful to them, they expiate their oaths by feeding ten needy persons or clothing them, or by freeing a slave (raqaba), and that this does not fall under divorce (ṭalāq).

   Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?) ... up to His word: وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ (and He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise). He said: Ḥafṣa and ʿĀʾisha loved one another and were both wives of the Prophet ﷺ. Ḥafṣa went to her father and spoke with him; thereupon the Prophet ﷺ summoned his slave-woman, and she stayed with him in the house of Ḥafṣa — and it was the day on which he used to come to ʿĀʾisha. Ḥafṣa returned and found them in her house. She began to wait for the slave-woman to leave, and she became intensely jealous. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ let his slave-woman depart, and Ḥafṣa came in and said: I have seen who was with you; by Allah, you have wronged me. Then the Prophet ﷺ said: "By Allah, I will satisfy you; I will entrust to you a secret, so keep it." She said: what is it? He said: "I take you as witness that this slave-woman of mine is forbidden to me, for your good pleasure." Ḥafṣa and ʿĀʾisha supported one another against the wives of the Prophet ﷺ. Ḥafṣa went to ʿĀʾisha and confided to her: rejoice, the Prophet ﷺ has forbidden to himself his young slave-woman. When she had disclosed the secret of the Prophet ﷺ, Allah, mighty and exalted is He, made the Prophet ﷺ aware of it, and He revealed to His Messenger, when those two supported one another against him: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you, while you seek the good pleasure of your wives?) ... up to His word: وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ (and He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise).

   Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, he said: Ibn ʿUlayya related to me, he said: Hishām al-Dastawāʾī related to us, he said: Yaḥyā wrote to me, narrating on the authority of Yaʿlā ibn Ḥakīm, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, that Ibn ʿAbbās used to say: in the prohibition (al-ḥarām) there is an oath which he expiates. And Ibn ʿAbbās said: لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ (Indeed, you have in the Messenger of Allah a good example) — by this he means that the Prophet ﷺ forbade his slave-woman, and that Allah, whose praise is exalted, said: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?) ... up to His word: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ (Allah has prescribed for you the absolution of your oaths). Then he expiated his oath, and thus He made the prohibition into an oath.

   Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: al-Muʿtamir related to us, on the authority of his father, he said: Abū ʿUthmān informed us that the Prophet ﷺ entered the house of Ḥafṣa, but she was not there. Then his young slave-woman came to him, and he let a curtain fall over her. Afterward Ḥafṣa came and sat by the door until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had fulfilled his need. She said: by Allah, you have wronged me, you had intercourse with her in my house — or words to that effect. He said: and the Prophet ﷺ forbade her — or words to that effect.

   Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?) ... the verse. He said: he had forbidden his Coptic young slave-woman, the mother of his child Ibrāhīm — she was named Māriya — on the day of Ḥafṣa, and he confided that to her. Then ʿĀʾisha came to know of it; the two supported one another against the wives of the Prophet ﷺ. Then Allah made lawful for him what he had forbidden to himself, and he was commanded to expiate his oath, and he was reproached over it; He said: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ مَوْلاكُمْ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ (Allah has prescribed for you the absolution of your oaths, and Allah is your Protector, and He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise). Qatāda said: and al-Ḥasan used to say: he forbade her to himself, and Allah instituted for that the expiation of an oath.

   Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, that the Prophet ﷺ forbade her — that is, his slave-woman — and thus it became an oath.

   Saʿīd ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: my father related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to us, on the authority of al-Zuhrī, on the authority of ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: "I said to ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, may Allah be pleased with him: who are the two women? He said: ʿĀʾisha and Ḥafṣa. The beginning of the matter concerned Umm Ibrāhīm, the Coptic: the Prophet ﷺ had intercourse with her in the house of Ḥafṣa, on her day. Ḥafṣa came upon him and said: O Prophet of Allah, you have done to me something you have done to none of your wives, on my day, in my chamber and on my bed. He said: 'Will you not be content that I forbid her and no longer approach her?' She said: yes indeed. Then he forbade her and said: 'Mention that to no one.' But she mentioned it to ʿĀʾisha, and Allah, mighty and exalted is He, made it known to him. Then Allah revealed: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you, while you seek the good pleasure of your wives?) ... all the verses. And it has reached us that the Prophet of Allah ﷺ expiated his oath and had intercourse with his slave-woman."

   Others said: no, it was a drink that he used to drink and that pleased him.

   * Mention of who said that:

   Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Abū Dāwūd related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Qays ibn Muslim, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Shaddād ibn al-Hād, he said: this verse was revealed concerning a drink: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) (O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you, while you seek the good pleasure of your wives?).

   Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Abū Qaṭan al-Baghdādī, ʿAmr ibn al-Haytham, related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Qays ibn Muslim, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Shaddād, the same.

   He said: Abū Qaṭan related to us, he said: Yazīd ibn Ibrāhīm related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Mulayka, he said: it was revealed concerning a drink.

   And the correct position concerning this is that one says: that which the Prophet ﷺ forbade to himself was something that Allah had made lawful to him. It is possible that this was his slave-woman, and it is possible that it was one of the drinks, and it is possible that it was something else. But whatever it was, it was the forbidding of something that was lawful to him, and Allah reproached him for forbidding to himself what He had made lawful to him, and He clarified to him the absolution of his oath concerning an oath he had sworn together with his forbidding of what he forbade to himself.

   If an inquirer were to ask: and what is your proof that he ﷺ had sworn an oath together with his forbidding of what he forbade, while you know the position of those who say: there was from the Prophet ﷺ in this nothing but the prohibition, and that the prohibition itself is the oath? Then it is answered: the proof of that is clear, and it is that it is not conceivable, in any language — Arabic nor non-Arabic — that a person's statement to his slave-woman, or about food or drink: "this is forbidden to me," is an oath. If, then, that is not conceivable, it is established that the oath is something other than a person's statement about what is lawful to him: "it is forbidden to me." And if that is so, then what we have said is correct, and what contradicts it is invalid. Moreover, it is possible that the forbidding by the Prophet ﷺ of what he forbade to himself of the lawful that Allah, the Exalted whose remembrance is exalted, had made lawful to him, came about by means of an oath, so that His word ( لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ ) (why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful) means, according to us: why do you swear concerning the matter that Allah has made lawful, that you will not approach it, and thus forbid it to yourself by the oath?

   We say only: the Prophet ﷺ forbade that and swore together with his forbidding, as al-Ḥasan ibn Qazaʿa related to me, he said: Maslama ibn ʿAlqama related to us, on the authority of Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, on the authority of Masrūq, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha, she said: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ swore an oath of abstention (īlāʾ) and forbade; then an expiation was imposed upon him concerning the abstention, and concerning the prohibition it was said to him: ( لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) (why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful to you?).

   And His word: ( وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ ) (And Allah is Forgiving, Merciful). The Exalted, whose praise is exalted, says: And Allah is Forgiving, O Muḥammad, of the sins of the repentant among His servants regarding their sins — and He has forgiven you for forbidding to yourself what Allah had made lawful to you — Merciful toward His servants, in that He does not punish them for that of which they have repented of sins, after the repentance.

   Show original Arabic

   يقول تعالى ذكره لنبيه محمد صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم: يا أيها النبيّ المحرّم على نفسه ما أحلّ الله له، يبتغي بذلك مرضاة أزواجه، لم تحرّم على نفسك الحلال الذي أحله الله لك، تلتمس بتحريمك ذلك مرضاة أزواجك. واختلف أهل العلم في الحلال الذي كان الله جلّ ثناؤه أحله لرسوله، فحرّمه على نفسه ابتغاء مرضاة أزواجه، فقال بعضهم: كان ذلك مارية مملوكته القبطية، حرمها على نفسه بيمين أنه لا يقربها طلبًا بذلك رضا حفصة بنت عمر زوجته، لأنها كانت غارت بأن خلا بها رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم في يومها وفي حجرتها. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني محمد بن عبد الرحيم البرقي، قال: ثني ابن أَبي مريم، قال: ثنا أَبو غسان، قال: ثني زيد بن أسلم أن رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم أصاب أمَّ إبراهيم في بيت بعض نسائه؛ قال: فقالت: أي رسول الله في بيتي وعلى فراشي، فجعلها عليه حراما؛ فقالت: يا رسول الله كيف تحرّم عليك الحلال؟ ، فحلف لها بالله ألا يصيبها، فأنـزل الله عزّ وجل ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) قال زيد: فقوله أنت عليّ حرام لغو. حدثني يعقوب، قال: ثني ابن علية، قال: ثنا داود بن أبي هند، عن الشعبيّ، قال: قال مسروق إن النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حرّم جاريته، وآلى منها، فجعل الحلال حرامًا، وقال في اليمين: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ . حدثنا يونس بن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا سفيان، عن داود، عن الشعبيّ، عن مسروق، قال: آلى رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم وحرّم، فعوتب في التحريم، وأمر بالكفارة في اليمين. حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال، قال ابن زيد، عن مالك، عن زيد بن أسلم، قال لها: أنت عليّ حرام، ووالله لا أطؤك. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) قال: كان الشعبي يقول: حرّمها عليه، وحلف لا يقربها، فعوتب في التحريم، وجاءت الكفارة في اليمين. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا ابن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة وعامر الشعبيّ، أن النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حرم جاريته. قال الشعبيّ: حلف بيمين مع التحريم، فعاتبه الله في التحريم، وجعل له كفارة اليمين. حدثنا يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد في قوله: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) قال: إنه وَجَدَتِ امرأة من نساء رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم مع جاريته في بيتها، فقالت: يا رسول الله أنى كان هذا الأمر، وكنت أهونهنّ عليك؟ فقال لها رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم: " اسكُتِي لا تَذْكُرِي هَذَا لأحدٍ، هِيَ عَلَيَّ حَرَامٌ إنْ قَرُبْتُهَا بَعْدَ هَذَا أَبَدًا "، فقالت: يا رسول الله وكيف تحرّم عليك ما أحلّ الله لك حين تقول: هي عليّ حرام أبدًا؟ فقال: والله لا آتيها أَبدًا فقال الله: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) ... الآية، قد غفرت هذا لك، وقولك والله قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ مَوْلاكُمْ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ . حُدثت عن الحسين، قال: سمعت أبا معاذ يقول: ثنا عبيد، قال: سمعت الضحاك يقول في قوله: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) كانت لرسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم فتاة، فغشيها، فبصُرت به حفصة، وكان اليومُ يوم عائشة، وكانتا متظاهرتين، فقال رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم: " اكْتُمي عَلَيَّ وَلا تَذْكُرِي لِعَائِشَةَ مَا رَأَيْتِ"، فذكرت حفصة لعائشة، فغضبت عائشة، فلم تزل بنبيّ الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حتى حلف أن لا يقربها أبدًا، فأنـزل الله هذه الآية، وأمره أن يكفر يمينه، ويأتي جاريته. حدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا جرير، عن عامر، في قول الله ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) في جارية أتاها، فأطلعت عليه حفصة، فقال: هي عليّ حرام، فاكتمي ذلك، ولا تخبري به أحدًا فذكرت ذلك. وقال آخرون: بل حرم رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم جاريته، فجعل الله عزّ وجلّ تحريمه إياها بمنـزلة اليمين، فأوجب فيها من الكفارة مثل ما أوجب في اليمين إذا حنث فيها صاحبها. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني عليّ، قال: ثنا أَبو صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس، في قوله: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ أمر الله النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم والمؤمنين إذا حرموا شيئًا مما أحلّ الله لهم أن يكفروا أيمانهم بإطعام عشرة مساكين أو كسوتهم، أو تحرير رقبة، وليس يدخل ذلك في طلاق. حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس، قوله: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) ... إلى قوله: وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ قال: كانت حفصة وعائشة متحابتين وكانتا زوجتي النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم، فذهبت حفصة إلى أبيها، فتحدثت عنده، فأرسل النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم إلى جاريته، فظلت معه في بيت حفصة، وكان اليوم الذي يأتي فيه عائشة، فرجعت حفصة، فوجدتهما في بيتها، فجعلت تنتظر خروجها، وغارت غيرة شديدة، فأخرج رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم جاريته، ودخلت حفصة فقالت: قد رأيت من كان عندك، والله لقد سُؤْتَنِي، فقال النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم: " واللهِ لأرْضِيَنَّكِ فَإنّي مُسِرّ إلَيْكِ سِرًا فَاحْفَظِيهِ"؛ قالت: ما هو؟ قال: " إنّي أُشْهِدُك أنَّ سُرِّيَّتَي هَذِهِ عَلَىَّ حَرَامٌ رِضًا لَكِ"، كانت حفصة وعائشة تظاهران على نساء النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم، فانطلقت حفصة إلى عائشة، فأسرّت إليها أن أبشري إن النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم قد حرّم عليه فتاته، فلما أخبرت بسرّ النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم أظهر الله عزّ وجلّ النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم، فأنـزل الله على رسوله لما تظاهرتا عليه ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) ... إلى قوله: وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ . حدثني يعقوب بن إبراهيم، قال: ثنا ابن علية، قال: ثنا هشام الدستوائي، قال: كتب إليّ يحيى يحدث عن يعلى بن حكيم، عن سعيد بن جُبير، أن ابن عباس كان يقول: في الحرام يمين تكفرها. وقال ابن عباس: لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ يعني أن النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حرّم جاريته، فقال الله جلّ ثناؤه: ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) ... إلى قوله: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ فكفر يمينه، فصير الحرام يمينًا. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا المعتمر، عن أبيه، قال: أنبأنا أَبو عثمان أن النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم دخل بيت حفصة، فإذا هي ليست ثَمَّ، فجاءته فتاته، وألقى عليها سترًا، فجاءت حفصة فقعدت على الباب حتى قضى رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حاجته، فقالت: والله لقد سوتني، جامعتها في بيتي، أو كما قالت؛ قال: وحرّمها النبي صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم، أو كما قال. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) ... الآية، قال: كان حرم فتاته القبطية أمَّ ولده إبراهيم يقال لها مارية في يوم حفصة، وأسرّ ذلك إليها، فأطلعت عليه عائشة، وكانتا تظاهران على نساء النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم، فأحلّ الله له ما حرَّم على نفسه، فأُمر أن يكفر عن يمينه، وعوتب في ذلك، فقال: قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ مَوْلاكُمْ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ قال قتادة: وكان الحسن يقول حرّمها عليه، فجعل الله فيها كفارة يمين. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا ابن ثور عن معمر، عن قتادة، أن النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حرّمها يعني جاريته، فكانت يمينًا. حدثنا سعيد بن يحيى، قال: ثنا أبي، قال: ثنا محمد بن إسحاق، عن الزهري، عـن عبيد الله بـن عبد الله، عن ابن عباس، قال: " قلت لعمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه: من المرأتان؟ قال: عائشة، وحفصة. وكان بدء الحديث في شأن أمِّ إبراهيم القبطية، أصابها النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم في بيت حفصة في يومها، فوجدته حفصة، فقالت: يا نبيّ الله لقد جئت إليّ شيئًا ما جئتَ إلى أحد من أزواجك بمثله في يومي وفي دوري، وعلى فراشى، قال: " ألا تَرْضينَ أَنْ أُحَرّمهَا فَلا أَقْرَبَهَا؟ " قالت: بلى، فحرّمها، وقال: " لا تَذْكُرِي ذَلِكَ لأحَدٍ"، فذكرته لعائشة، فأظهره الله عزّ وجلّ عليه، فأنـزل الله ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) ... الآيات كلها، فبلغنا أن نبيّ الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم كفر يمينه، وأصاب جاريته ". وقال آخرون: كان ذلك شرابًا يشربه، كان يعجبه ذلك. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا ابن المثنى، قال: ثنا أَبو داود، قال: ثنا شعبة، عن قيس بن مسلم، عن عبد الله بن شدّاد بن الهاد، قال: نـزلت هذه الآية في شراب ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاةَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ) . حدثنا ابن المثنى، قال: ثنا أَبو قَطن البغدادي عمرو بن الهيثم، قال: ثنا شعبة، عن قيس بن مسلم، عن عبد الله بن شدّاد مثله. قال: ثنا أَبو قطن، قال: ثنا يزيد بن إبراهيم، عن ابن أَبي مليكة، قال: نـزلت في شراب. والصواب من القول في ذلك أن يقال: كان الذي حرّمه النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم على نفسه شيئًا كان الله قد أحله له، وجائز أن يكون ذلك كان جاريته، وجائز أن يكون كان شرابًا من الأشربة، وجائز أن يكون كان غير ذلك، غير أنه أيّ ذلك كان، فإنه كان تحريم شيء كان له حلالا فعاتبه الله على تحريمه على نفسه ما كان له قد أحله، وبين له تحلة يمينه في يمين كان حلف بها مع تحريمه ما حرّم على نفسه. فإن قائل قائل: وما برهانك على أنه صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم كان حلف مع تحريمه ما حرم، فقد علمت قول من قال: لم يكن من النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم في ذلك غير التحريم، وأن التحريم هو اليمين؟ قيل: البرهان على ذلك واضح، وهو أنه لا يعقل في لغة عربية ولا عجمية أن قول القائل لجاريته، أو لطعام أو شراب، هذا عليّ حرام يمين، فإذا كان ذلك غير معقول، فمعلوم أن اليمين غير قول القائل للشيء الحلال له: هو عليّ حرام. وإذا كان ذلك كذلك صحّ ما قلنا، وفسد ما خالفه. وبعد، فجائز أن يكون تحريم النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم ما حرم على نفسه من الحلال الذي كان الله تعالى ذكره، أحله له بيمين، فيكون قوله: ( لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ ) معنا: لم تحلف على الشيء الذي قد أحله الله أن لا تقربه، فتحرّمه على نفسك باليمين. وإنما قلنا: إن النبيّ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم حرم ذلك، وحلف مع تحريمه، كما حدثني الحسن بن قزعة، قال: ثنا مسلمة بن علقمة، عن داود بن أبي هند، عن الشعبيّ، عن مسروق، عن عائشة قالت: آلى رسول الله صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم وحرم، فأُمِر في الإيلاء بكفارة، وقيل له في التحريم ( لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ) . وقوله: ( وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ ) يقول تعالى ذكره: والله غفور يا محمد لذنوب التائبين من عباده من ذنوبهم، وقد غفر لك تحريمك على نفسك ما أحله الله لك، رحيم بعباده أن يعاقبهم على ما قد تابوا منه من الذنوب بعد التوبة.