Tafseer of The Cattle · Al-An'aam · 6:165
And it is He who has made you successors upon the earth and has raised some of you above others in degrees [of rank] that He may try you through what He has given you. Indeed, your Lord is swift in penalty; but indeed, He is Forgiving and Merciful.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of His word: وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَكُمْ خَلائِفَ الأَرْضِ وَرَفَعَ بَعْضَكُمْ فَوْقَ بَعْضٍ دَرَجَاتٍ لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ فِي مَا آتَاكُمْ ("And He it is who has made you successors upon the earth and has raised some of you above others in ranks, that He may test you in what He has given you") (6:165).
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose remembrance is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and his community: And Allah it is who has made you, O people, successors (khalāʾif) upon the earth, in that He destroyed those who were before you of the bygone generations and communities, and made you succeed them, and thus made you their successors upon the earth; you succeed them therein and populate it after them.
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And "al-khalāʾif" is the plural of "khalīfa" (successor), just as "al-waṣāʾif" is the plural of "waṣīfa" (maidservant). It is derived from the saying: "So-and-so succeeded so-and-so in his house, he succeeds him, with succession (khilāfa), so he is a successor (khalīfa) therein," as al-Shammākh said:
"The calamities strike them and miss me, and I remain behind in one dwelling after another."
And that is like the following:
14308 — Al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: وهو الذي جعلكم خلائف الأرض ("and He it is who has made you successors upon the earth"), he said: as for "the successors upon the earth": He destroyed the generations and made us succeed them therein after them.
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And as for His word ورفع بعضكم فوق بعض درجات ("and has raised some of you above others in ranks"): He says: And He distinguished between your conditions, and set some of you above others, in that He raised this one above that one — through what He made ample for this one in livelihood and thereby favored him with what He gave him of property and wealth above that poor one in what He apportioned to him of worldly means — and this one above that one through what He gave him of power and strength above that weak one whose strength is broken. Thus He distinguished between them by raising the rank of this one above the rank of that one, and lowering the rank of this one below the rank of that one. And that is like the following:
14309 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: ورفع بعضكم فوق بعض درجات ("and has raised some of you above others in ranks"), he says: in livelihood.
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And as for His word ليبلوكم في ما آتاكم ("that He may test you in what He has given you"): He means: that He may try you in what He has apportioned to you of His bounty and bestowed upon you of livelihood, so that He may know of you who obeys Him in what He has commanded him and forbidden him, and who is disobedient; and who fulfills the right due from what He has given him and the fulfillment of which He has commanded him, and who is negligent in fulfilling it.
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The explanation of His word: إِنَّ رَبَّكَ سَرِيعُ الْعِقَابِ وَإِنَّهُ لَغَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ ("Indeed, your Lord is swift in punishment, and indeed, He is surely Forgiving, Merciful") (6:165).
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose praise is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: "Indeed, your Lord," O Muḥammad, is surely swift in punishment for whoever has angered Him by committing acts of disobedience to Him and by his transgression of His command in what He has commanded him and forbidden him, and for whoever is tested by Him in what He has bestowed upon him of His bounty and abundance, and then turns away and turns his back on Him, despite His favor to him and His establishment of him upon the earth — as He did with the bygone generations. وإنه لغفور ("and indeed, He is surely Forgiving"), He says: And indeed, He covers the sins of whoever is tested by Him and turns to Him in obedience at His testing of him with a favor and His trying of him with His command and prohibition; He covers him therein and refrains from disgracing him with it at the place of the reckoning. رحيم ("Merciful"), in that He refrains from His punishment for his past sins that occurred between him and Him, when he repents and turns to Him before the meeting with Him and his return to Him.
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Here ends the explanation of Sūrat al-Anʿām.