Tafseer of The Cattle · Al-An'aam · 6:141
And He it is who causes gardens to grow, [both] trellised and untrellised, and palm trees and crops of different [kinds of] food and olives and pomegranates, similar and dissimilar. Eat of [each of] its fruit when it yields and give its due [zakah] on the day of its harvest. And be not excessive. Indeed, He does not like those who commit excess.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The word concerning the explanation of His statement: وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْشَأَ جَنَّاتٍ مَعْرُوشَاتٍ وَغَيْرَ مَعْرُوشَاتٍ ("And He it is Who has produced gardens, some trellised and some not trellised.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: This is an announcement from Allah, exalted be His mention, concerning the favor that He has bestowed upon them out of His goodness, an indication from Him to them of the locus of His beneficence, and an instruction from Him to them concerning what He has permitted and forbidden, and concerning the rights that He has assigned in their possessions to the one to whom He has apportioned a right therein.
Allah, exalted be His mention, says: and your Lord, O people — (He has produced), that is to say: He has brought into being and created a creation, not the gods and the idols — (gardens), that is to say: orchards — (trellised), and that is what people have tied up to trellises among the grapevines — (and not trellised), neither raised nor built up, which people do not make grow and do not raise up, but which Allah raises up, makes grow, and makes thrive, such as:
13955 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: (trellised), he says: raised (crops).
13956 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: (And He it is Who has produced gardens, some trellised and some not trellised). "The trellised" are those which people have tied up to trellises; "and some not trellised" are the fruits that emerge in the open field and in the mountains.
13957 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, he said: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: as for "gardens," those are the orchards; and as for "the trellised," that is what is tied up to trellises like the grapevine.
13958 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ al-Khurāsānī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: (And He it is Who has produced gardens, trellised), he said: what of the grapevines is led up onto trellises; (and not trellised), he said: what of the grapevine is not led up onto trellises.
* * *
The word concerning the explanation of His statement: وَالنَّخْلَ وَالزَّرْعَ مُخْتَلِفًا أُكُلُهُ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالرُّمَّانَ مُتَشَابِهًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَشَابِهٍ كُلُوا مِنْ ثَمَرِهِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ ("And the date palms and the crops, whose produce is diverse, and the olives and the pomegranates, resembling one another and not resembling one another. Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: He, exalted be His praise, says: and He has produced the date palms and the crops, whose produce is diverse — by "the produce" He means the fruit. He says: and He has created the date palms and the crops, with mutual difference in what comes forth from them of edible fruit and grain; "and the olives and the pomegranates, resembling one another and not resembling one another" in taste — among them the sweet, the sour, and the bittersweet, such as:
13959 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, concerning His statement: (resembling one another and not resembling one another), he said: "resembling one another" in appearance; "and not resembling one another" in taste.
* * *
As for His statement: (Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit), He says: eat of its fresh dates as long as its fruit is fresh, such as:
13960 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Isḥāq related to us, he said: Abū Hammām al-Ahwāzī related to us, he said: Mūsā ibn ʿUbayda related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Kaʿb, concerning His statement: (Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit), he said: of its fresh dates and its grapes.
13961 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn al-Zibriqān related to us, he said: Mūsā ibn ʿUbayda related to us, concerning His statement: (Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit), he said: of its fresh dates and its grapes.
* * *
The word concerning the explanation of His statement: وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ ("And give its due on the day of its harvest.")
The scholars of exegesis differed concerning the explanation of this.
Some of them said: this is a command from Allah to give the obligatory alms (zakāh) from the fruit and the grain.
* Mention of those who said that:
13962 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Yazīd ibn Zurayʿ related to us, he said: Yūnus related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the obligatory alms (zakāh).
13963 — ʿAmr related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Ṣamad related to us, he said: Yazīd ibn Dirham related to us, he said: I heard Anas ibn Mālik say concerning: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the obligatory alms (zakāh).
13964 — ʿAmr related to us, he said: Muʿallā ibn Asad related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Ziyād related to us, he said: al-Ḥajjāj ibn Arṭāh related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Mujāhid, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
13965 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Hāniʾ ibn Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Ḥajjāj, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn ʿUbayd Allāh, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Shaddād, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
13966 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī and Ibn Wakīʿ and Ibn Bashshār related to us, they said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, he said: Ibrāhīm ibn Nāfiʿ al-Makkī related to us, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, on the authority of his father, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the alms (zakāh).
13967 — ʿAmr related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, he said: Abū Hilāl related to us, on the authority of Ḥayyān al-Aʿraj, on the authority of Jābir ibn Zayd: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the alms (zakāh).
13968 — Yaʿqūb related to me, he said: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, he said: Yūnus informed us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: that is the alms. He said: then he was asked about it another time and he said: that is the alms from the grain and the fruits.
13969 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Bakr related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd Allāh informed me, on the authority of ʿAmr ibn Sulaymān and others, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab, that he said: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the obligatory alms.
13970 — Yaʿqūb related to me, he said: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, on the authority of Abū Rajāʾ, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: that is the alms from the grain and the fruits.
13971 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), by "its due" He means its obligatory alms, on the day when it is measured out or when its quantity becomes known.
13972 — Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), and that is because the man, when he sowed and the day of his harvest arrived — and that is when he knows what its measure and its due are — would give one out of every ten, as well as what people pick up of the ears of grain.
13973 — Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest). And "its due on the day of its harvest" is the obligatory alms. It has been related to us that the Prophet of Allah, the Prophet ﷺ, prescribed that from what the sky waters, or the flowing spring, or what the dew waters — and "al-ṭall" is the dew — or what drinks from the earth through its roots (baʿl), the full tenth part is due. And if it is watered with a draw-bucket: the half of the tenth part. Qatāda said: and this applies to what of the fruit is measured out. And this held once the fruit reached five wasqs — that is three hundred ṣāʿ — then the zakāh was due therein. And it was commended that one should also give, in proportion thereto, from what of the fruit is not measured out.
13974 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda and Ṭāwūs: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), both said: that is the alms (zakāh).
13975 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: ʿAmr ibn ʿAwn related to us, he said: Hushaym informed us, on the authority of al-Ḥajjāj, on the authority of Sālim al-Makkī, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: on the day when it is measured out one gives the tenth part or the half of the tenth part.
13976 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: al-Ḥimmānī related to us, he said: Sharīk related to us, on the authority of Sālim al-Makkī, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
13977 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Suwayd related to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubārak informed us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Ibn Ṭāwūs, on the authority of his father, and on the authority of Qatāda: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), both said: the alms (zakāh).
13978 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Isḥāq related to us, he said: Abū Muʿāwiya al-Ḍarīr related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥajjāj, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Miqsam, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
13979 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Suwayd related to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubārak informed us, on the authority of Sharīk, on the authority of al-Ḥakam ibn ʿUtayba, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, the like of it.
13980 — It has been related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Faraj, he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd ibn Sulaymān informed us, he said: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he means: on the day when it is measured out, whether it be wheat, dates, or raisins. And "its due" is its alms (zakāh).
13981 — Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His statement: (Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit, and give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: eat of it, and when you harvest it, then give its due, and "its due" is the tenth part of it.
13982 — Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Yūnus ibn ʿUbayd, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, that he said concerning this verse: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the alms (zakāh), when you have measured it out.
13983 — ʿAmr related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Abū Rajāʾ, he said: I asked al-Ḥasan about His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the alms (zakāh).
13984 — Ibn al-Barqī related to me, he said: ʿAmr ibn Abī Salama related to us, he said: I asked Ibn Zayd ibn Aslam about the statement of Allah: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), and I said to him: is that the tenth part? He said: yes! I said to him: on the authority of your father? He said: on the authority of my father and others.
* * *
And others said: rather, that is a right that Allah has imposed in the possessions of the owners, other than the obligatory alms.
* Mention of those who said that:
13985 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Wahhāb related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: something other than the obligatory right. He said: and in his book it stood: "on the authority of ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn".
13986 — ʿAmr related to us, he said: Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Malik related to us, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the handful of food.
13987 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Bakr related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: from the date palm and the grape and all the grain.
13988 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Bakr related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: I said to ʿAṭāʾ: what do you say concerning what I harvest of fruit? He said: from that too you give. And he said: from everything you harvest you give its due on the day of its harvest, whether it be date palm, grape, grain, fruit, vegetable, or reed — from each of these. I said to ʿAṭāʾ: is all of that obligatory upon the people? He said: yes! Then he recited: (And give its due on the day of its harvest). He said: I said to ʿAṭāʾ: (And give its due on the day of its harvest) — is there in it anything fixed and known? He said: no.
13989 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Suwayd related to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubārak informed us, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Malik, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: he gives to those present on that day what comes easily, and it is not the zakāh.
13990 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: ʿĪsā ibn Yūnus related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Malik, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: it is not the zakāh, but he feeds whoever is present at that moment from his harvest.
13991 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of al-ʿAlāʾ ibn al-Musayyab, on the authority of Ḥammād: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: they used to give fresh dates.
13992 — Ibn Ḥumayd and Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, they said: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: when the poor are present with you, you throw them some of it; and when you have cleaned it and begin to measure it out, you scoop them some of it with the handful. And when you know its measure, you set aside its zakāh. And when you begin plucking the date palm, you throw them some of the leftover cluster-remnants. And when you begin measuring it out, you scoop them some of it with the handful. And when you know its measure, you set aside its zakāh.
13993 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Layth, on the authority of Mujāhid: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: apart from the obligation (zakāh).
13994 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Ḥukkām related to us, on the authority of ʿAmr, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: at the harvest he throws to the beggars some of the ears of grain; and when it has been threshed — or "stored away," the doubt is from Abū Jaʿfar — he throws to them. And when he has loaded it up and wants to make a heap of it, he throws to them. And when he threshes it, he feeds from it. And when he is finished and knows how much its measure is, he sets aside its zakāh. And he said: at the date palm one feeds at the plucking of the fruit and the clusters. And when it is time to measure out, one feeds from the dates. And when he is finished, he sets aside its zakāh.
13995 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī and Muḥammad ibn Bashshār related to us, they said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: when he harvests the crop, he throws some of the ears of grain; and when he plucks the date palm, he throws some of the clusters. And when he measures it out, he gives its zakāh.
13996 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: my father related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: at the harvest, at the threshing, and at the plucking he takes for them from it; and when he measures it out, he sets aside its zakāh.
13997 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Mujāhid, the like of it — except that he said: apart from the zakāh.
13998 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: something other than the zakāh, at the harvest and at the plucking, when they harvest and when they estimate the yield.
13999 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, concerning the statement of Allah: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: obligatory, at the moment when he plucks.
14000 — Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, that he said concerning this verse: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: when he harvests, he feeds; and when he brings it in to the threshing floor, and when he threshes it, he feeds from it.
14001 — Abū Kurayb related to us, he said: Ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ashʿath, on the authority of Ibn ʿUmar, he said: he feeds the one who comes seeking favor (al-muʿtarr), besides what he gives of the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
14002 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: a handful at the harvest and a handful at the plucking.
14003 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Ḥafṣ related to us, on the authority of Ashʿath, on the authority of Ibn Sīrīn, he said: they used to give something to whoever came seeking favor from them.
14004 — Abū Kurayb related to us, he said: Ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ḥammād, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, he said: the handgrip [of ears of grain] (al-ḍighth).
14005 — Ibn Bashshār related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ḥammād, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, he said: he gives something like the handgrip of ears of grain.
14006 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, he said: Ḥammād related to us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: about this much of it, the size of the handgrip of ears of grain — and Yaḥyā placed his thumb on the second knuckle of his index finger.
14007 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: my father related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ḥammād, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, he said: something like the handgrip of ears of grain.
14008 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: my father related to us, on the authority of Isrāʾīl, on the authority of Jābir, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar; and on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ḥammād, on the authority of Ibrāhīm — both said: he gives a handgrip of ears of grain.
14009 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Kathīr ibn Hishām related to us, he said: Jaʿfar ibn Burqān related to us, on the authority of Yazīd ibn al-Aṣamm, he said: when the date palm was plucked, the man would come with the cluster of his date palm and hang it on one side of the mosque, and the poor man would come and strike it with his stick, and when something fell off, he would eat from it. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered, with al-Ḥasan or al-Ḥusayn with him, and he took a date and put it in his mouth, but he pulled it out of his mouth. For the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not eat of the alms, nor did the members of his household. That is His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest).
14010 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Khālid ibn Ḥayyān related to us, on the authority of Jaʿfar ibn Burqān, on the authority of Maymūn ibn Mihrān and Yazīd ibn al-Aṣamm, both said: the people of Medina, when they plucked, would come with the cluster and lay it in the mosque, then the beggar would come and strike it with his stick, and some of it would fall, and that is His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest).
14011 — ʿAlī ibn Sahl related to us, he said: Zayd ibn Abī al-Zarqāʾ related to us, on the authority of Jaʿfar, on the authority of Yazīd and Maymūn, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), both said: when the man plucked the date palm, he would come with the cluster and hang it on one side of the mosque, and the poor man would come to him and strike it with his stick, and eat what fell off.
14012 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: ʿUbayd Allāh related to us, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar al-Rāzī, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ ibn Anas: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the picking up of the ears of grain.
14013 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Jazarī, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: they used to hang the cluster in the mosque at the plucking, and the weak one would eat from it.
14014 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Maʿmar, he said: Mujāhid said: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he feeds something at the plucking of it.
14015 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: al-Ḥimmānī related to us, he said: Sharīk related to us, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the handgrip of ears of grain and what falls off from the ears of grain.
14016 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Saʿīd: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the fodder.
14017 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Suwayd related to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubārak informed us, on the authority of Sharīk, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Saʿīd, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: this was before the zakāh, for the poor, the handful and the handgrip of ears of grain for the fodder of his mount.
14018 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Rifāʿa related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Kaʿb, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: whether there be little or much of it.
14019 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: Ibn ʿUyayna informed us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: at the crop one gives the handgrips, and at the plucking one gives the handgrips, and they let them be and they follow the traces of the plucking.
* * *
And others said: this was something that Allah commanded the believers before the alms with fixed quantity was imposed upon them. Then the known alms abrogated it (naskh), so that no obligation rests upon any possession, whatever it be, whether it be crop or planting, except the alms that Allah has imposed therein.
* Mention of those who said that:
14020 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Abū Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of Ḥajjāj, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Miqsam, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14021 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Ḥafṣ related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥajjāj, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14022 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Ḥajjāj, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14023 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Ādam related to us, on the authority of Sharīk, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: this was before the zakāh, and when the zakāh was revealed, it abrogated it, and they used to give the handgrip of ears of grain.
14024 — Ibn Ḥumayd and Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, they said: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Shabāk, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: they used to do that until the tenth part and the half of the tenth part were prescribed. And when the tenth part and the half of the tenth part were prescribed, it was left aside.
14025 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Mahdī related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Shabāk, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: it is abrogated; the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14026 — Ibn Bashshār related to us, he said: Yaḥyā related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of al-Mughīra, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14027 — Abū Kurayb related to us, he said: Ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Shabāk, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14028 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Yūnus, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, he said: the zakāh has abrogated it.
14029 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of al-Suddī, he said: the zakāh has abrogated it: (And give its due on the day of its harvest).
14030 — Yaʿqūb related to me, he said: Hushaym related to us, he said: Mughīra informed us, on the authority of Shabāk, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: this sūra is Meccan, and the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it. I said: on whose authority? He said: on the authority of the scholars (ʿulamāʾ).
14031 — And through the same chain, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Shabāk, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it.
14032 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, he said: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: as for (And give its due on the day of its harvest), when someone passed by them on the day of the harvest or the plucking, they fed him from it. Then Allah abrogated it for them through the zakāh, and in what the earth made grow there was the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
14033 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, on the authority of Yūnus, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, he said: they used to give a small portion to their kinsfolk among the polytheists (mushrikīn).
14034 — Abū Kurayb related to us, he said: Ibn Idrīs related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿAṭiyya: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: the tenth part and the half of the tenth part have abrogated it. They used to give when they harvested and when they winnowed; upon that the tenth part and the half of the tenth part abrogated it.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: and the most preferable of the views on this is, in my opinion, the view of the one who said: this was an obligation that Allah imposed upon the believers in their food and their fruits that their crops and plantings produce, and then Allah abrogated it through the obligatory alms and the known levy of the tenth part and the half of the tenth part. That is because all are unanimous, without disagreement among them, that the alms of agriculture is levied only after the threshing, the cleaning, and the winnowing, and that the alms of the date is levied only after it has become dry.
And when that is so, and His statement, exalted be His praise, (And give its due on the day of its harvest) indicates that it is a command from Allah, exalted be His praise, to give its due on the day of its harvest, and the day of its harvest is the day of its plucking and cutting — and the grain on that day is undoubtedly still in its ears, and the date, whether it be fruit of a date palm or of a grapevine, is not yet fully dry and hard — whereas the alms of the grain is levied only after the threshing, winnowing, and cleaning of it, by measure, and the alms of the date is levied only after its dryness and hardness are complete, by measure — then it is known that what is levied as alms after a lapse of time from its harvest is something other than that which it is obligatory to give to the poor on the day of its harvest.
* * *
And if someone were to say: and what prevents you from holding that that is an obligation from Allah in the possession, a right alongside the obligatory alms?
Then it is said: because that is unavoidably either an imposed obligation or a voluntary gift (nafl).
If it is an imposed obligation, then it must necessarily follow the same path as the obligatory alms, whereby whoever fails to pay it to the rightful recipients sins against his Lord and opposes His command. And in the fact that the proof is established that there is for Allah, after the zakāh, no obligation in the possession as binding as the zakāh, except what is obligatory of maintenance for those whose maintenance is incumbent upon a person — therein lies an indication that this is not so.
— Or it is a voluntary gift. And if that is so, then the choice to give it must rest with the owner of the crop and the fruit. And in the claim of those who hold it to be obligatory lies an indication that this is not so.
And since the verse cannot mean that recommendation (nadb) is intended by it, and it is not admissible that at this point it has the sense of a binding obligation, it is known that it is abrogated (naskh).
And among that which supports what we have said as our view on this, as proof of its correctness, is that He, exalted be His praise, followed His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest) with: وَلا تُسْرِفُوا إِنَّهُ لا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ ("And do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant"). And it is known that it is part of Allah's ordinance concerning His servants, since He imposed in their possessions the obligatory alms with fixed quantity, that those charged with collecting it are their rulers and custodians. And if that is so, then what is the sense of forbidding the owner of the possession from being extravagant in giving it, while the collector is authorized [to collect] and merely collects the right that Allah has imposed therein?
* * *
And if someone supposes that this is merely a prohibition from Allah to the custodians charged with collecting it from the collectors, against overreach in the possession of the owner of the possession, and against encroaching upon taking what it was not permitted to them to take — then the end of the verse, namely His statement: وَلا تُسْرِفُوا ("And do not be extravagant"), is connected to its beginning, namely His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest). If the one forbidden to be extravagant is the custodian charged with collecting it, then the one commanded to give it — and forbidden to be extravagant in it — would have to be the holder of authority (sulṭān).
And that is a view which, if anyone were to utter it, would fall outside the view of all the scholars of exegesis, and would conflict with what is current in speech, and that suffices as a witness to its falsehood.
* * *
And if someone were to say: and what prevents you from holding that the meaning of His statement (And give its due on the day of its harvest) is: and give its due on the day when it is measured out, not on the day of its cutting and reaping, and not on the day of its plucking and harvesting? For you have indeed learned who among the scholars of exegesis said that? And that is what:
14035 — Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to us, he said: Hushaym related to us, he said: Juwaybir informed us, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: on the day when it is measured out.
14036 — And al-Muthannā related to us, he said: ʿAmr ibn ʿAwn related to us, he said: Hushaym informed us, on the authority of al-Ḥajjāj, on the authority of Sālim al-Makkī, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest), he said: on the day when it is measured out, one gives the tenth part and the half of the tenth part.
* * *
— together with others whose narration on that I have mentioned in the foregoing?
Then it is said: because the day when it is measured out is something other than the day of its harvest. And the intent of the one who proclaims this view does not escape one of two matters: either they have turned the meaning of "the harvest" toward the meaning of "the measuring out" — and that is something not comprehensible in the speech of the Arabs, for "the harvest" (al-ḥaṣād) and "the harvesting" (al-ḥaṣd) in their speech mean: the plucking and the cutting, not the measuring out — or they have turned the explanation of His statement (And give its due on the day of its harvest) toward: and give its due after the day of its harvest, when you have measured it out — and that conflicts with the plain wording of the revelation. For the command in the plain wording of the revelation concerns giving its due on the day of its harvest, not after the day of its harvest. And there is no difference between one who says: Allah meant by His statement (And give its due on the day of its harvest) after the day of its harvest, and another who says: He meant by it before the day of its harvest — for both proclaim a view that the plain wording of the revelation indicates the contrary of.
* * *
The word concerning the explanation of His statement: وَلا تُسْرِفُوا إِنَّهُ لا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ (141) ("And do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: the scholars of exegesis differed concerning "the extravagance" that Allah forbade with this verse, and concerning whom the prohibition applies to.
Some of them said: the one to whom the prohibition is addressed is the owner of the date palm, the crop, and the fruit; and "the extravagance" that Allah forbade in this verse is exceeding the measure in the giving to what harms the owner of the possession.
* Mention of those who said that:
14037 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, he said: ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya, concerning His statement: (And give its due on the day of its harvest, and do not be extravagant), the verse, he said: they used to give something besides the zakāh, then they went to excess in extravagance, upon which Allah revealed: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant).
14038 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, on the authority of ʿĀṣim al-Aḥwal, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya: وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ, he said: they used to give something on the day of the harvest besides the zakāh, then they competed in it and went to excess, upon which Allah said: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant).
14039 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, on the authority of ʿĀṣim al-Aḥwal, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya: وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ, he said: they used to give something on the day of the harvest, then they went to excess in extravagance, upon which Allah said: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant).
14040 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: it was revealed concerning Thābit ibn Qays ibn Shammās; he plucked a date palm and said: today no one will come but I will feed him! And he fed them, until the evening fell and he had not a single fruit left, upon which Allah said: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant).
14041 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Bakr related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: I said to ʿAṭāʾ: (and do not be extravagant) — does He say: do not be extravagant in what is given on the day of the harvest, or in everything? He said: indeed yes! In everything He forbids extravagance. He said: then I returned to it after some time and I said: what does His statement mean (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant)? He said: He forbids extravagance in everything. Then he recited: لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا ("they were neither extravagant nor miserly") [sūrat al-Furqān: 67].
14042 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Yazīd ibn Hārūn related to us, he said: Sufyān ibn Ḥusayn informed us, on the authority of Abū Bishr, he said: the people gathered around Iyās ibn Muʿāwiya in Kufa and asked him: what is extravagance (al-saraf)? He said: what falls short of Allah's command, that is extravagance.
14043 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, he said: Aḥmad ibn Mufaḍḍal related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: (and do not be extravagant), do not give away your possessions so that you yourselves become poor.
* * *
And others said: "the extravagance" that Allah forbade in this place is the withholding of the alms and the right that Allah commanded the owner of the possession to give to the rightful recipients with His statement: وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ.
* Mention of those who said that:
14044 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Bakr related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd Allāh informed me, on the authority of ʿAmr ibn Sulaym and others, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab, concerning His statement: (and do not be extravagant), he said: do not withhold the alms, so that you are not disobedient [to Him].
14045 — ʿAmr ibn ʿAlī related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn al-Zibriqān related to us, he said: Mūsā ibn ʿUbayda related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Kaʿb: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant), and extravagance is that one does not give where it is due.
* * *
And others said: by this, rather, the holder of authority (sulṭān) is addressed. He was forbidden to take from the owner of the possession more than what Allah has imposed upon his possession.
* Mention of those who said that:
14046 — Yūnus ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His statement: (and do not be extravagant), he said: He said to the holder of authority: "do not be extravagant," do not take without right. This verse thus stood between the holder of authority and the people — he means His statement: كُلُوا مِنْ ثَمَرِهِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ ("Eat of its fruit when it bears fruit"), the verse.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: and the correct view on this is, in my opinion, that it be said: Allah, exalted be His mention, forbade with His statement (and do not be extravagant) all the meanings of "the extravagance," and He singled out none of its meanings to the exclusion of another.
And since that is so, and "the extravagance" in the speech of the Arabs means: the missing of what is right in the giving, whether by exceeding its limit toward the excess, or by falling short below its obligatory limit — then it is known that the one who squanders his possession out of rivalry and bestows it upon the people until his giving harms him is an extravagant one through exceeding Allah's limit toward what [is not his due]. And likewise the one who falls short in his giving of that which Allah has imposed upon him to give, and that is like his withholding of what he is obligated to give to the rightful recipients of the shares of the alms when it is due therein, or his withholding from those whose maintenance Allah has imposed upon him, of his family and household, of what He has imposed upon him thereof. And likewise the holder of authority in his taking from his subjects what Allah has not permitted him to take. All these, in what they did of that, are extravagant ones, falling under the meaning of one who does what Allah forbade of extravagance with His statement: (and do not be extravagant) in your giving of your possessions to what harms you — since what preceded it is a command from Allah to give the obligatory therein to the rightful recipients on the day of its harvest. For although the verse was revealed to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on account of a particular cause, its ruling concerns the general; indeed, the general verses of the Qurʾān are generally thus. And likewise His statement: (and do not be extravagant; verily, He does not love the extravagant).
And among the proof of the correctness of what we have said concerning the meaning of "the extravagance," that it is as we have said, is the saying of the poet:
"Eight men gave Hunayda away, while they drove her on; in their giving was no reproach and no extravagance (saraf)."
He means by "the extravagance": the error in the giving.
