Tafseer of The Table · Al-Maaida · 5:82
You will surely find the most intense of the people in animosity toward the believers [to be] the Jews and those who associate others with Allah; and you will find the nearest of them in affection to the believers those who say, "We are Christians." That is because among them are priests and monks and because they are not arrogant.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَةً لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الْيَهُودَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَبَهُمْ مَوَدَّةً لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّا نَصَارَى ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَانًا وَأَنَّهُمْ لا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ (5:82) (You shall surely find the people most intense in enmity toward those who believe to be the Jews and the polytheists; and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe to be those who say: "We are Christians." That is because among them are priests and monks, and because they are not arrogant.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted says to His prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: you shall surely find, O Muḥammad, the people most intense in enmity toward those who held you to be truthful and followed you and believed in that with which you came to them, namely the people of Islam — "the Jews and the polytheists (mushrikīn)" — by which is meant: the worshippers of the idols, who have taken the idols as gods whom they worship besides Allah — "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe," which means: and you shall surely find the people who are nearest in affection and love.
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And "al-mawadda" (affection) is the "mafʿala" form of the man's saying: "wadidtu kadhā, awadduhu wuddan, wa-widdan, wa-waddan, wa-mawaddatan" (I loved a thing, I love it, with love), when he loves it.
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— "to those who believe," which means: to those who held Allah and His Messenger Muḥammad ﷺ to be truthful — "those who say: 'We are Christians.' That is because among them are priests and monks, and because they are not arrogant" with regard to accepting the truth and following it and submitting to it.
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It has been said that this āyah and the one after it were revealed concerning a group of men who came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from the Christians of Abyssinia; when they heard the Qurʾān, they accepted Islam and followed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
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And it has been said that it was revealed concerning the Negus, the king of Abyssinia, and companions of his who accepted Islam with him.
Mention of who said that:
12315 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī al-Shawārib related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Ziyād related to us, saying: Khuṣayf related to us, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, who said: The Negus sent a delegation to the Prophet ﷺ, and the Prophet ﷺ recited to them, and they accepted Islam. He said: Then Allah the Exalted revealed concerning them: "You shall surely find the people most intense in enmity toward those who believe to be the Jews and the polytheists," to the end of the āyah. He said: They returned to the Negus and informed him, and the Negus accepted Islam, and he remained a Muslim until he died. He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: Indeed, your brother the Negus has died, so perform the prayer for him! And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed the prayer for him in Medina, while the Negus was there [in Abyssinia].
12316 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning the word of Allah: "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe to be those who say: 'We are Christians'," he said: they are the delegation that came with Jaʿfar and his companions from the land of Abyssinia.
12317 - Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe to be those who say: 'We are Christians'," he said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ, while he was in Mecca, feared for his companions on account of the polytheists, so he sent Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib, and Ibn Masʿūd and ʿUthmān ibn Maẓʿūn, in a group of his companions, to the Negus, the king of Abyssinia. When that reached the polytheists, they sent ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ in a group of theirs; it was mentioned that they got ahead of the companions of the Prophet ﷺ in reaching the Negus, and they said: indeed, among us a man has appeared who has called the minds and the spirits of Quraysh foolish, claiming that he is a prophet! And he has sent a group to you to turn your people against you, and we wished to come to you and inform you about them. He said: if they come to me, I shall consider what they say! Then the companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ arrived, and they made their way to the door of the Negus, and said: ask permission for the friends of Allah! He said: let them in, and welcome to the friends of Allah! When they entered upon him, they greeted him [with the Islamic greeting], whereupon the group of polytheists said to him: do you not see, O king, that we have told you the truth? They did not greet you with the greeting with which you are greeted! He said to them: what prevented you from greeting me with my greeting? They said: we greeted you with the greeting of the people of Paradise and the greeting of the angels! He said to them: what does your master say about ʿĪsā (Jesus) and his mother? He [Jaʿfar] said: he says: "He is a servant of Allah, and a word of Allah which He cast unto Maryam, and a spirit from Him," and he says about Maryam: "Indeed, she is the virgin, the chaste." He said: then he [the Negus] took up a twig from the ground and said: ʿĪsā and his mother add to what your master said nothing the size of this twig! The polytheists detested his saying, and their faces changed. He said to them: do you know any of what was revealed to you? They said: yes! He said: recite! Then they recited, and there were with him priests and monks and the rest of the Christians, and he recognized all that they recited, and their tears flowed because of what they recognized of the truth. Allah the Exalted said: "That is because among them are priests and monks, and because they are not arrogant. And when they hear what was sent down to the Messenger..." the āyah.
12318 - Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn Mufaḍḍal related to me, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe to be those who say: 'We are Christians'," the āyah. He said: The Negus sent to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ twelve men from Abyssinia, seven priests and five monks, to observe him and to question him. When they met him, he recited to them what Allah had revealed, and they wept and believed. Then Allah revealed to him concerning them: وَأَنَّهُمْ لا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ * وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا مَا أُنْـزِلَ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ تَرَى أَعْيُنَهُمْ تَفِيضُ مِنَ الدَّمْعِ مِمَّا عَرَفُوا مِنَ الْحَقِّ يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَا آمَنَّا فَاكْتُبْنَا مَعَ الشَّاهِدِينَ (and because they are not arrogant. And when they hear what was sent down to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflow with tears because of what they recognized of the truth. They say: "Our Lord, we believe, so write us down with the witnesses"). They believed and then returned to the Negus, and the Negus emigrated with them and died on the way, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the Muslims performed the prayer for him and asked forgiveness for him.
12319 - Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, saying: ʿAṭāʾ said concerning His word: "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe to be those who say: 'We are Christians'," the āyah: they are people from Abyssinia who believed when the emigrants of the believers came to them.
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And others said: rather, this is the description of a people who adhered to the law (sharīʿa) of ʿĪsā, belonging to the people of faith; when Allah the Exalted sent His prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, they believed in him.
Mention of who said that:
12320 - Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda concerning His word: "and you shall surely find those nearest in affection to those who believe" — and he recited until he reached: فَاكْتُبْنَا مَعَ الشَّاهِدِينَ (so write us down with the witnesses) — [they are] people of the People of the Book who adhered to a law of truth, namely from that with which ʿĪsā came; they believed in it and held to it. When Allah sent His prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, they held him to be truthful and believed in him, and they recognized that that with which he came was the truth, so He praised them with that which you hear.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And the correct view concerning that, in my opinion, is: that Allah the Exalted described the quality of a people who said: "We are Christians," namely that the prophet of Allah ﷺ finds them the nearest of people in affection to the people of faith in Allah and His Messenger, and He did not mention their names to us. And it is possible that by them are meant the companions of the Negus — and it is possible that by them is meant a people who adhered to the law of ʿĪsā, and when Islam reached them they accepted Islam when they heard the Qurʾān and recognized that it was the truth, and they were not arrogant toward it.
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As for the saying of the Exalted: "That is because among them are priests and monks," He says: the affection of these, whose quality Allah has described, toward the believers was near, on account of the fact that among them are priests and monks.
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And "al-qissīsūn" (the priests) is the plural of "qissīs." And "al-qissīs" may also be pluralized as "qusūs," because "al-qass" and "al-qissīs" have one and the same meaning.
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Ibn Zayd used to say about "al-qissīs" what follows here:
12321 - Yūnus related to us, saying: Ibn Wahb related to us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: "al-qissīs" are their devoted worshippers.
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As for "al-ruhbān" (the monks): it may be either a singular or a plural. When it is a plural, its singular is "rāhib," and "al-rāhib" is then a "fāʿil" form of the speaker's saying: "rahiba Allāha fulān," in the sense of: he feared Him, "yarhabuhu rahaban wa-rahban"; then "al-rāhib" is pluralized as "ruhbān," like "rākib" and "rukbān," and "fāris" and "fursān." And one of the indications that it may be a plural among the Arabs is the saying of the poet:
The monks of Madyan, had they seen you descend, and the ibexes upon the summits of the inaccessible mountain peaks, [they would have descended].
And "al-ruhbān" may also be a singular. When it is a singular, its plural is "rahābīn," like "qurbān" and "qarābīn," and "jurdān" and "jarādīn." And it may also in that case be pluralized as "rahābina." And one of the indications that it may be a singular among the Arabs is the saying of the poet:
Had she beheld the monk of a monastery upon the mountaintops, then the monk would have descended, walking and coming down.
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The people of interpretation differed concerning what is meant by His word: "That is because among them are priests and monks."
Some of them said: by it is meant a people who had responded to ʿĪsā the son of Maryam when he called them, and followed him in his law.
Mention of who said that:
12321m - Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, on the authority of Ḥuṣayn, on the authority of someone who related it to him, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās concerning His word: "That is because among them are priests and monks," he said: they were "nawātī" upon the sea — that is to say: sailors — he said: then ʿĪsā the son of Maryam passed by them and called them to Islam, and they responded to him. He said: that is His word: "priests and monks."
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And others said: rather, by it is meant the people whom the Negus had sent to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
Mention of who said that:
12322 - Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Ḥakkām ibn Salm related to us, saying: ʿAnbasa related to us, on the authority of someone who related it to him, on the authority of Abū Ṣāliḥ concerning His word: "That is because among them are priests and monks," he said: sixty-six, or sixty-seven, or sixty-eight, from Abyssinia, all of them were dwellers of a hermit's cell, and they wore woolen garments.
12323 - Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Mahdī related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Sālim, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: "That is because among them are priests and monks," he said: The Negus sent to the Prophet ﷺ fifty or seventy of their best, and they began to weep, whereupon he said: they are these!
12324 - Al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz related to us, saying: Qays related to us, on the authority of Sālim al-Afṭas, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: "That is because among them are priests and monks," he said: they are the envoys of the Negus whom he sent with [the news of] his Islam and the Islam of his people; they were seventy men whom he chose, the best after the best, and they entered upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he recited to them: يس * وَالْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ (Yā Sīn. By the wise Qurʾān) [Surah Yā Sīn: 1, 2], whereupon they wept and recognized the truth, and Allah revealed concerning them: "That is because among them are priests and monks, and because they are not arrogant," and He revealed concerning them: الَّذِينَ آتَيْنَاهُمُ الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ هُمْ بِهِ يُؤْمِنُونَ (Those to whom We gave the Book before it, they believe in it) up to His word: يُؤْتَوْنَ أَجْرَهُمْ مَرَّتَيْنِ بِمَا صَبَرُوا (They will be given their reward twice over because they were patient) [Surah al-Qaṣaṣ: 54].
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And the correct view concerning that, in our opinion, is that one says: that Allah the Exalted informed about the group of men whom He praised from the Christians, on account of their near affection to the people of faith in Allah and His Messenger, that this came from them because among them are people of devotion in worship, and monasticism in the monasteries and hermits' cells, and because among them are scholars of their scriptures and people who recite them; therefore they do not distance themselves from the believers, because of their humility before the truth when they recognize it, and they are not arrogant with regard to accepting it when it becomes clear to them, because they are people of religion and devotion therein, and sincerity toward themselves with regard to the matter of Allah; and they are not like the Jews, who have become practiced in killing the prophets and the messengers, and in opposing Allah in His command and His prohibition, and in distorting His revelation which He sent down in His scriptures.