Tafseer of The Women · An-Nisaa · 4:66
And if We had decreed upon them, "Kill yourselves" or "Leave your homes," they would not have done it, except for a few of them. But if they had done what they were instructed, it would have been better for them and a firmer position [for them in faith].
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His saying: وَلَوْ أَنَّا كَتَبْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ أَنِ اقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ أَوِ اخْرُجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ مَا فَعَلُوهُ إِلا قَلِيلٌ مِنْهُمْ (And had We prescribed for them: "Kill yourselves" or "Depart from your dwellings," they would not have done it, except a few of them.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: He — exalted be His praise — means by His saying "and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves": and had We prescribed for these people, who claim that they believe in what has been sent down to you, who refer their dispute to the ṭāghūt, that they should kill themselves, and had We commanded them to do that — or that they should depart from their dwellings, emigrating from them to another abode — "they would not have done it," He says: then they would not have killed themselves with their own hands, nor emigrated from their dwellings by departing from them to Allah and His Messenger, in obedience to Allah and to His Messenger — "except a few of them."
And in accordance with what we have said concerning this, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have spoken.
Mention of those who said this:
9918 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the saying of Allah "and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves": the Jews, he means — or a word resembling that — and the Arabs, just as He had commanded the companions of Moses (Mūsā), peace be upon him.
9919 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: "and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves or depart from your dwellings," just as He had commanded the companions of Moses that one should kill the other with daggers, they would not have done it, except a few of them.
9920 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves or depart from your dwellings, they would not have done it, except a few of them." Thābit ibn Qays ibn Shammās and a man of the Jews boasted against one another, and the Jew said: "By Allah, Allah prescribed for us: kill yourselves, and we killed ourselves!" Then Thābit said: "By Allah, had it been prescribed for us: kill yourselves, we would have killed ourselves!" Allah sent down concerning this: وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ فَعَلُوا مَا يُوعَظُونَ بِهِ لَكَانَ خَيْرًا لَهُمْ وَأَشَدَّ تَثْبِيتًا (and had they done what they were admonished to do, it would have been better for them and stronger in steadfastness).
9921 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: Abū Zuhayr related to us, on the authority of Ismāʿīl, on the authority of Abū Isḥāq al-Sabīʿī, who said: When there was sent down: "and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves or depart from your dwellings, they would not have done it, except a few of them," a man said: "Had it been commanded of us, we would have done it, and praise be to Allah who spared us!" That reached the Prophet ﷺ, and he said: "Truly, among my community there are indeed men in whose hearts faith is more firmly anchored than the firmly rooted mountains."
And the Arabic grammarians differed concerning the basis of the nominative (rafʿ) in His saying "except a few of them" (illā qalīlun minhum).
Some grammarians of Basra claimed that "qalīl" is in the nominative because it is made an appositive substitution (badal) for the concealed pronoun in His saying "they did it" (mā faʿalūhu), since the act belongs to them.
And some grammarians of Kūfa said: it is in the nominative only with a view to repetition (takrīr), as though the meaning were: they did not do it, no one did it except a few of them, just as ʿAmr ibn Maʿdīkarib said:
And every brother — his brother forsakes him, by the life of your father — except the two Farqadān (the two pole stars).
Abū Jaʿfar said: And the most correct of the statements concerning this is that one says: "al-qalīl" is in the nominative because of the meaning to which His saying "they did not do it except a few of them" points. That is because the meaning of the phrase is: and had We prescribed for them: kill yourselves or depart from your dwellings, no one would have done it except a few of them — so it was said "they did not do it" as a report concerning those whose mention preceded in His saying أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّهُمْ آمَنُوا بِمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ (Have you not seen those who claim that they believe in what has been sent down to you and in what was sent down before you), after which "the few" were excepted, and were put in the nominative because of the meaning we have mentioned, since the act was negated of them.
And in the codices (maṣāḥif) of the people of Syria (al-Shām) it stands: (مَا فَعَلُوهُ إِلا قَلِيلا مِنْهُمْ) (they did not do it except a few of them — in the accusative). And when it is read thus, then the reader incurs no blame in his case-inflection, because that is what is well known in the language of the Arabs, since the verb was occupied with that which contained the reference to those who had already been mentioned, and thereafter the few were excepted from them.
The discourse on the explanation of His saying: وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ فَعَلُوا مَا يُوعَظُونَ بِهِ لَكَانَ خَيْرًا لَهُمْ وَأَشَدَّ تَثْبِيتًا (66) (And had they done what they were admonished to do, it would have been better for them and stronger in steadfastness (4:66).)
Abū Jaʿfar said: He — exalted be His praise — means thereby: and had these hypocrites, who claim that they believe in what has been sent down to you, while they refer their dispute to the ṭāghūt and turn away from you altogether — "done what they were admonished to do," by which He means: that of which they are reminded, namely obedience to Allah and the following of His command — "it would have been better for them," in their near worldly life and in their future abode — "and stronger in steadfastness," and firmer for them in their affairs, and more steadfast for them therein. That is because the hypocrite acts on the basis of doubt, so that his work perishes vainly and his effort vanishes and turns to dust; and he acts, through his doubt, in feebleness and weakness. But were he to act on the basis of clear insight, he would, through his work, acquire a reward, and it would be for him a treasure laid up with Allah, and he would be stronger in the work he performs, and more steadfast for himself, because of his belief in Allah's promise for his obedience and for the work he performs. And therefore the one who said it said: the meaning of His saying "and stronger in steadfastness" is: in confirmation (taṣdīq), as:
9922 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "it would have been better for them and stronger in steadfastness," he said: in confirmation (taṣdīq).
For when he is affirming, then he is more steadfast for himself and more correct in his resolve therein. And this is equivalent to His saying — exalted be His praise: وَمَثَلُ الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمُ ابْتِغَاءَ مَرْضَاةِ اللَّهِ وَتَثْبِيتًا مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ [Sūra al-Baqara: 265] (and the likeness of those who spend their wealth seeking the good pleasure of Allah and out of steadfastness from themselves). And we have already given the exposition of that in its place, with what suffices therein from repeating it here.