Tafseer of The Women · An-Nisaa · 4:37
Who are stingy and enjoin upon [other] people stinginess and conceal what Allah has given them of His bounty - and We have prepared for the disbelievers a humiliating punishment -
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Explanation of the saying of Allah: الَّذِينَ يَبْخَلُونَ وَيَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبُخْلِ وَيَكْتُمُونَ مَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ ("Those who are miserly and command people to be miserly and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty").
Abū Jaʿfar said: He — exalted is His praise — means by this: that Allah does not love the conceited boaster, the one who is miserly and commands people to be miserly.
= And "those who" (al-ladhīna) may be in the nominative position, as an apposition to what is contained in His saying "boastful" (fakhūran), namely a reference — (134) — and it may also be accusative as a qualifying clause for "whoever" (man).
And "miserliness" (al-bukhl) in the language of the Arabs is: a man's withholding from him who asks him, of what he has with him and in his possession beyond his need, (135) such as:-
9493 - Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Ibn Ṭāwūs, on the authority of his father, concerning His saying: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly," he said: miserliness (al-bukhl) is that a person is stingy with what is in his hands = and "covetousness" (al-shuḥḥ): that he is greedy for what is in the hands of people. He said: he wishes that what is in the hands of people belonged to him, by lawful and unlawful means, he is not content.
And the reciters differed concerning the reading of His saying: "and command people to be miserly."
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Most of the reciters of Kūfa read it: بِالْبَخَلِ (bi-l-bakhal), with a fatḥa on the "bāʾ" and the "khāʾ."
And most of the reciters of Medina and some of those of Baṣra read it with a ḍamma on the "bāʾ": بِالْبُخْلِ (bi-l-bukhl).
Abū Jaʿfar said: and these are two eloquent linguistic forms with one and the same meaning, and two well-known readings that do not differ in meaning. With whichever of the two the reciter recites, he is correct in his reading.
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And it has been said that Allah — exalted is His praise — by His saying "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly" intended those among the Jews who concealed the name of Muḥammad ﷺ and his description and did not make it known to the people, while they found it recorded with them in the Tawrāh and the Injīl.
*Mention of who said that:
9494 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Ḥaḍramī: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty," he said: they are the Jews; they were miserly with the knowledge that they possessed and concealed it.
9495 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the saying of Allah: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly" up to His saying وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِهِمْ عَلِيمًا ("and Allah is All-Knowing of them"), everything that lies in between concerns the Jews.
9496 - Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.
9497 - Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His saying: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly," they are the enemies of Allah, the People of the Book; they were miserly with the right of Allah that lay upon them, and concealed Islam and Muḥammad ﷺ, while they found him recorded with them in the Tawrāh and the Injīl.
9498 - Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Aḥmad ibn Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: as for "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly," those are the Jews = "and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty," the name of Muḥammad ﷺ = (136) and as for "they are miserly and command people to be miserly," they were miserly with the name of Muḥammad ﷺ, and one would command the other to conceal it.
9499 - Muḥammad ibn Muslim al-Rāzī related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar al-Rāzī related to me, saying: Yaḥyā related to us, on the authority of ʿĀrim, on the authority of Ashʿath, on the authority of Jaʿfar, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, concerning His saying: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly," he said: this concerns knowledge; there is nothing of worldly possessions in it.
9500 - Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His saying: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly," he said: they are the Jews. And he recited: "and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty," he said: they are miserly with what Allah has bestowed upon them of provision, and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of books. When they are asked about something and about what Allah has sent down, they conceal it. And he recited: أَمْ لَهُمْ نَصِيبٌ مِنَ الْمُلْكِ فَإِذًا لا يُؤْتُونَ النَّاسَ نَقِيرًا ("Or do they have a share in the dominion? Then they would not give people so much as the speck on a date-stone") [Sūrat al-Nisāʾ: 53], because of their miserliness.
9501 - Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad, on the authority of ʿIkrima, or on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: Kardam ibn Zayd — ally of Kaʿb ibn al-Ashraf — and Usāma ibn Ḥabīb, and Nāfiʿ ibn Abī Nāfiʿ, and Baḥriyy ibn ʿAmr, and Ḥuyayy ibn Akhṭab, and Rifāʿa ibn Zayd ibn al-Tābūt, came to men of the Anṣār = and they associated with them and gave them advice = from among the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and said to them: do not spend your wealth, for we fear for you poverty upon its disappearance, and do not hasten in spending, for you do not know what will happen! Then Allah sent down concerning them: "those who are miserly and command people to be miserly and conceal what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty," that is to say: of prophethood, (137) in which lies the confirmation of what Muḥammad ﷺ brought = "and We have prepared for the disbelievers (kāfir) a humiliating punishment (ʿadhāb)," up to His saying وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِهِمْ عَلِيمًا ("and Allah is All-Knowing of them"). (138)
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Abū Jaʿfar said: The explanation of the verse according to the first interpretation is then: Allah does not love the possessors of pride and boasting, those who are miserly in declaring what Allah commanded them to declare to the people — namely the name of Muḥammad ﷺ, his characteristic and his description which He sent down in His books to His prophets, while they know that = and who command the people who know that just as they themselves know it, to conceal what Allah commanded them to declare, and who conceal the knowledge and awareness of it — while Allah had declared the concealment of it forbidden for them.
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And as for the interpretation of Ibn ʿAbbās and Ibn Zayd: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يُحِبُّ مَنْ كَانَ مُخْتَالا فَخُورًا ("Indeed, Allah does not love whoever is conceited and boastful"), those who toward the people are miserly with the abundance of wealth that Allah has bestowed upon them; and the rest of the interpretation of both of them and the interpretation of others is the same.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And the saying that most agrees with correctness in this is what those said who said: that Allah described these people, whom He described in this verse, with miserliness in making known to whoever did not know the matter of Muḥammad ﷺ — that he is truthful, and that Muḥammad is a prophet sent by Allah, and the rest of the truth that Allah — exalted is His mention — had declared in what He revealed to His prophets in His books. Thus these were miserly with declaring it to the people, and they commanded those whose condition was like their condition in knowing it: that they should conceal it from whoever did not know it, and should not declare it to the people.
And we only said: this saying is more in agreement with the interpretation of the verse, because Allah — exalted is His praise — described them as people who command the people to be miserly, and we have not been informed of any people among the nations that commanded the people to be miserly, neither as a religious practice nor as a custom; rather, that is considered repugnant and one blames whoever does it; (139) and one praises — even though one has oneself made miserliness a habit and applied it to oneself — generosity and openhandedness, (140) and one counts these among the noble deeds and exhorts to them. And for this reason we have said: that their miserliness with which Allah described them was only miserliness with the knowledge that Allah had bestowed upon them, so that they were miserly in declaring it to the people and concealed it — not miserliness with wealth = unless its meaning is: those who are miserly with their wealth which they ought to spend for the rights of Allah and in His ways, and who command the people among the Muslims to refrain from spending it. Then their miserliness would be with their wealth, and their commanding of the people to be miserly in this meaning (141) — in accordance with what we have mentioned from the narration of Ibn ʿAbbās — so that thereby there would be an intelligible manner in their description as miserly and their exhortation to it.
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Explanation of the saying of Allah: وَأَعْتَدْنَا لِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابًا مُهِينًا ("And We have prepared for the disbelievers a humiliating punishment") (37).
Abū Jaʿfar said: He — exalted is His praise — means by this: "and We have prepared," that is to say: and We have made ready for those who deny the grace of Allah which He has bestowed upon them, (142) namely the knowledge of the prophethood of Muḥammad ﷺ, while they deny him after having known him, and conceal the characteristic and description from whoever Allah had commanded them to declare it among the people = "a humiliating punishment," that is to say: the humiliating chastisement for whoever is punished with it through his eternal abiding therein, (143) as something prepared for him in his Hereafter, so that when he appears before his Lord, he finds it, on account of what has preceded from him of denying the obligation of Allah which He had imposed upon him. (144)