Tafseer of The Women · An-Nisaa · 4:18
But repentance is not [accepted] of those who [continue to] do evil deeds up until, when death comes to one of them, he says, "Indeed, I have repented now," or of those who die while they are disbelievers. For them We have prepared a painful punishment.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His statement: wa-laysati l-tawbatu lilladhīna yaʿmalūna l-sayyiʾāti ḥattā idhā ḥaḍara aḥadahumu l-mawtu qāla innī tubtu l-āna ("And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'Indeed, I now repent'").
Abū Jaʿfar said: By this He means, exalted be His praise: And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds, from among the group of those who persist in disobedience to Allah, "until, when death approaches one of them" — He says: when one of them is in the death-rattle with his soul and beholds the angels of his Lord, who have come upon him to take away his soul, then he says — while he has lost mastery over his own soul and a separation has been made between him and his power of comprehension, because he is seized by the agony of death in his rattling and gurgling — "I now repent." He says: for such a one there is, with Allah, blessed and exalted is He, no repentance, because he spoke what he spoke at a moment that was no moment of repentance. As:
8860 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Yaʿlā ibn Nuʿmān, who said: he who heard Ibn ʿUmar informed me that he said: Repentance remains open as long as one is not dragged away (in the death-throes). Then Ibn ʿUmar recited: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'", and then he said: And what is being approached (by death) other than being dragged away?
8861 — Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His statement: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'": when death becomes clearly manifest in him, Allah does not accept any repentance from him.
8862 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Faḍīl related to us, on the authority of Abū l-Naḍr, on the authority of Abū Ṣāliḥ, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'" — for such a one there is no repentance with Allah.
8863 — Muḥammad ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, he said: Shuʿba related to us, he said: I heard Ibrāhīm ibn Maymūn relate, on the authority of a man from the Banū l-Ḥārith, who said: a man of ours related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr, that he said: Whoever shows repentance one year before his death, his repentance is accepted — until he mentioned a month, until he mentioned an hour, until he mentioned a fuwāq (the span of time between two milkings). He said: Then a man said: How can this be, when Allah, exalted is He, says: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'"? Then ʿAbd Allāh said: I am telling you what I heard from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
8864 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: my father related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, who said: It used to be said: Repentance remains open as long as one is not seized by the throat (the breath).
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The scholars of interpretation differed concerning who is meant by His statement: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'".
Some of them said: by this the people of hypocrisy (ahl al-nifāq) are meant.
Mention of who said that:
8865 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Isḥāq related to us, he said: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ: innamā l-tawbatu ʿalā llāhi lilladhīna yaʿmalūna l-sūʾa bi-jahālatin thumma yatūbūna min qarībin ("Indeed, repentance with Allah is only for those who do evil out of ignorance and then repent soon after"). He said: the first (verse) was revealed concerning the believers, the middle one was revealed concerning the hypocrites — that is: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds" — and the last concerning the unbelievers — that is: wa-lā lladhīna yamūtūna wa-hum kuffārun ("And not for those who die while they are unbelievers").
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Others said: no, by this the people of Islam are meant.
Mention of who said that:
8866 — Al-Muthannā related to us, he said: Suwayd ibn Naṣr related to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubārak informed us, on the authority of Sufyān, who said: It reached us concerning this verse: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent'" — he said: those are the Muslims. Do you not see that He says: wa-lā lladhīna yamūtūna wa-hum kuffārun ("And not for those who die while they are unbelievers")?
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Others said: no, this verse was revealed concerning the people of faith, but it has been abrogated.
Mention of who said that:
8867 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, his statement: "And repentance does not avail those who do evil deeds until, when death approaches one of them, he says: 'I now repent', and not for those who die while they are unbelievers" — thereupon Allah, blessed and exalted is He, revealed afterward: inna llāha lā yaghfiru an yushraka bihi wa-yaghfiru mā dūna dhālika li-man yashāʾu ("Indeed, Allah does not forgive that partners be associated with Him, but He forgives whatever is less than that to whom He wills") [sūra al-Nisāʾ: 48, 116]. Thus Allah, exalted is He, forbade forgiveness for whoever dies while he is an unbeliever, and left the people of (His) oneness to His will, so that He did not deprive them of the hope of forgiveness.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And the correct of the statements concerning this is, in my view, what al-Thawrī mentioned, namely that it had reached him that it (the verse) concerns (people) within Islam. That is because the hypocrites are unbelievers, and if by this the people of hypocrisy were meant, then His statement wa-lā lladhīna yamūtūna wa-hum kuffārun ("And not for those who die while they are unbelievers") would have no comprehensible meaning, since they and those before them would amount to one meaning: that they are all unbelievers. There would be no ground to separate their rulings, while the reason upon which it rests that there is no repentance for [them] is one and the same. And in the fact that Allah, exalted be His praise, distinguishes between their designations and their descriptions — in that He named the one group "unbelievers" and described the other group as people of evil deeds and did not name them "unbelievers" — in that lies an indication that their meanings diverge. And in the correctness of that lies the correctness of what we have said and the untenability of what contradicts it.
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The discourse on the explanation of His statement: wa-lā lladhīna yamūtūna wa-hum kuffārun ulāʾika aʿtadnā lahum ʿadhāban alīman ("And not for those who die while they are unbelievers; for them We have prepared a painful punishment") (18).
Abū Jaʿfar said: By this He means, exalted be His praise: and likewise repentance does not avail those who die while they are unbelievers. The position of "alladhīna" (those who) is in the genitive, for it is appended to His statement "lilladhīna yaʿmalūna l-sayyiʾāti" (those who do evil deeds).
And His statement "for them We have prepared a painful punishment" — He says: these who die while they are unbelievers, "for them We have prepared a painful punishment", because they are further removed from repentance on account of their dying in unbelief. As:
8868 — Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Faḍīl related to us, on the authority of Abū l-Naḍr, on the authority of Abū Ṣāliḥ, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: "and not for those who die while they are unbelievers" — these are further removed from repentance.
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The grammarians of Arabic differed concerning the meaning of "aʿtadnā lahum" (We have prepared for them).
Some of the Basran (grammarians) said: the meaning of "aʿtadnā" is "afʿalnā" derived from "al-ʿatād" (provision, equipment). He said: and its meaning is: "aʿdadnā" (We have made ready).
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And some of the Kufan (grammarians) said: "aʿdadnā" and "aʿtadnā" both have one and the same meaning.
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So the meaning of His statement "aʿtadnā lahum" is: We have made ready for them "a painful punishment" — He says: agonizing, causing pain.