Tafseer of Sheba · Saba · 34:24
Say, "Who provides for you from the heavens and the earth?" Say, "Allah. And indeed, we or you are either upon guidance or in clear error."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His statement, the Exalted: قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ قُلِ اللَّهُ وَإِنَّا أَوْ إِيَّاكُمْ لَعَلَى هُدًى أَوْ فِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ (24) (Say: "Who provides for you from the heavens and the earth?" Say: "Allah." And indeed, we or you are surely upon guidance or in clear error) (24)
He, exalted is His mention, says to His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: Say, O Muḥammad, to these who take the idols and statues as partners alongside their Lord: who provides for you from the heavens and the earth, through His sending down of the rain upon you from it as life for your crops and as prosperity for your livelihood, and through His subjecting the sun, the moon, and the stars for your benefit and the benefit of your food, and (from) the earth through His bringing forth from it your food and the food of your cattle? The report concerning the people's answer has been omitted, because the indication of the statement renders it unnecessary; then it is (nonetheless) mentioned, and that is: if they then say, "We do not know," then say: "The One who provides you with that is Allah; and indeed, we or you, O people, are surely upon guidance or in clear error." He says: say to them: indeed, we are upon guidance or in error, or you are in error or upon guidance.
And in accordance with what we have said concerning this, the exegetes have spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ قُلِ اللَّهُ وَإِنَّا أَوْ إِيَّاكُمْ لَعَلَى هُدًى أَوْ فِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ, he said: the companions of Muḥammad said this to the polytheists (mushrikīn): "By Allah, I and you are not upon one and the same matter; indeed, one of the two groups is rightly guided."
And some people have said: the meaning of that is: indeed, we are upon guidance, and indeed, you are in clear error.
* Mention of who said that:
Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm al-Shahīdī related to me, saying: ʿAttāb ibn Bishr related to us, on the authority of Khuṣayf, on the authority of ʿIkrima and Ziyād, concerning his statement وَإِنَّا أَوْ إِيَّاكُمْ لَعَلَى هُدًى أَوْ فِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ, he said: indeed, we are upon guidance, and indeed, you are in clear error.
The linguists (ahl al-ʿarabiyya) differed concerning the reason for the entry of "or" (aw) in this place. Some grammarians of Basra said: this is not because it concerns doubt, but rather this is (expressed) in the language of the Arabs in the manner that he (the speaker) is the rightly guided one. He said: and sometimes a man says to his slave (ʿabd): "One of the two of us strikes his companion" — and thereby no ambiguity arises for the listener that the master is the one who strikes.
And another of them said: the meaning of that is: indeed, we are upon guidance, and indeed, you — you specifically — are in clear error; for the Arabs place "or" (aw) in the place of the wāw of conjunction (wāw al-muwālāt). Jarīr said:
Was it Thaʿlaba of the horsemen, or Riyāḥ, that you equated with them, Ṭuhayya and al-Khishāb?
He said: he means: Thaʿlaba and Riyāḥ. He said: and this was uttered by one in whose religion there is no doubt; and they knew that they were upon guidance and those (others) in error, so one says: this, even though it is a single statement, is by way of mockery, and he says this to them. And he said:
And even if their love is right guidance, then I shall attain it, and I am not one who errs even if it were folly.
And some grammarians of Kūfa said: the meaning of "or" (aw) and the meaning of the wāw are, in this place, in (the same) meaning, except that the indication (qarīna) points to the contrary. "Or" (aw) is not of the value of the wāw, but rather it occurs in the permitted matter of choice (al-amr al-mufawwaḍ), as you say: "If you wish, take a dirham or two" — he may take two or one, but he may not take three. He said: and in the speech of one who has no insight into Arabic, and places "or" (aw) at the value of the wāw, it is permissible for him to take three, because in their usage it is at the value of your statement: "Take a dirham or two." He said: and the meaning in إِنَّا أَوْ إِيَّاكُمْ is: indeed, we are those who err or those who are rightly guided, and indeed, you are likewise those who err — while He knows that His Messenger is the rightly guided one and that the other is the one who errs. He said: and you say in speech to the man who contradicts you: "By Allah, indeed one of the two of us lies" — while you mean him, and you (thus) charge him with lying with a not-uncovered accusation. And this occurs frequently in the Qurʾān and the language of the Arabs: that the statement is directed to its best import when that is known, like the statement of one who says to him who said, "By Allah, so-and-so has surely arrived" — while he lies — then he says: "Say: 'in shāʾ Allāh' (if Allah wills)," or: "Say: 'according to what I think,'" by which he charges him with lying in the finest form of accusation. He said: and it belongs to the language of the Arabs that they say: "Qātalahu Allāh (may Allah fight him)," and then they find it disagreeable, so that they say: "Qātalahu Allāh, wa-kātaʿahu Allāh." He said: and to that belongs: "wayḥaka" and "waysaka" — that has only the meaning of "waylaka (woe to you)," except that they are lighter than that. And the correct view of the matter herein, according to me, is that this is a command from Allah to His Prophet to charge the one whom He commanded him to address with this statement with lying in the finest manner, just as a man says to a companion whom he addresses while wishing to charge him with lying concerning a report of his: "One of the two of us lies" — and the one who says that means his companion and not himself. For this meaning the statement was framed with "or" (aw).