Tafseer of The Family of Imraan · Aal-i-Imraan · 3:109
To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And to Allah will [all] matters be returned.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of His word, the Exalted: وَلِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الأَرْضِ وَإِلَى اللَّهِ تُرْجَعُ الأُمُورُ (109) (And to Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth, and to Allah all matters are returned) (109).
Abū Jaʿfar said: He, exalted is His praise, means thereby: that He punishes those who became disbelievers after their belief with the mighty chastisement (ʿadhāb) and the blackening of the faces, as He has mentioned that He will punish them therewith; and that He rewards those who believe in Him, who remained steadfast in affirming and in fulfilling their covenants which they have made, with what He has described as His reward for them, namely the eternal abode in His gardens — without His wronging either of the two groups in what He has done, for He has no need of wrongdoing. That is because the wrongdoer wrongs another only in order to add, through his wrongdoing, honor to his honor, or power to his power, or wealth to his wealth, or to make up some deficiency in his resources, so that by his wronging the other he completes what was lacking in his resources to be complete. But as for the One to whom belongs all that lies between the furthest reaches of the risings and the settings, and what is in this world and the Hereafter — for Him the wronging of anyone has no significance, such that He might wrong something, for there is in His resources nothing deficient that requires completion, that He should make it up by wronging another — exalted is Allah, high and great. Therefore He, exalted is His praise, said, following upon His word: وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْمًا لِلْعَالَمِينَ (And Allah does not desire any wrong for the worlds): "And to Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth, and to Allah all matters are returned".
The grammarians (ahl al-ʿarabiyya) differed concerning the reason why Allah, exalted and praised, repeats His Name by explicitly saying: "and to Allah the matters are returned", while His Name had already been explicitly mentioned in His word: "and to Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth".
Some grammarians of Basra said: that is comparable to the expression of the Arabs: "As for Zayd, Zayd has departed", and as the poet said:
"I do not see that anything is death before death — death embitters the life of the rich and the poor."
Thus he placed the explicit word in the position of the implied pronoun.
Some grammarians of Kūfa said: that is not comparable to this verse, for the position of the second "death" in the verse is a position of reference, because it is a single word, and that is not so in the verse; for His word "and to Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth" is an independent statement, which has nothing to do with His word "and to Allah the matters are returned". That is because the meaning of each of the two clauses differs from the meaning of the other, each being sufficient in itself and not needing the other. But what the poet said: "I do not see that death…" requires the completion of the statement about it.
Abū Jaʿfar said: and this second view is, in our judgment, the most correct, for the meanings of the Book of Allah, mighty and exalted, and the clear exposition that it contains, are not to be directed toward the exceptional rarities of language and meanings, while it has, in lucid eloquence and in the clear, comprehensible meanings, a correct and present explanation.
As for His word "and to Allah the matters are returned", thereby He means, exalted is His mention: to Allah returns the final outcome of the affair of all His creatures — the sincere among them and the corrupt, the doer of good and the doer of evil — so that He requites each according to the measure in which they deserve requital from Him, without His wronging any of them.