Tafseer of The Light · An-Noor · 24:55
Allah has promised those who have believed among you and done righteous deeds that He will surely grant them succession [to authority] upon the earth just as He granted it to those before them and that He will surely establish for them [therein] their religion which He has preferred for them and that He will surely substitute for them, after their fear, security, [for] they worship Me, not associating anything with Me. But whoever disbelieves after that - then those are the defiantly disobedient.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah the Exalted says: وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ مِنْكُمْ — O people — وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ — that is: they obeyed Allah and His Messenger in what He commanded them and forbade them — لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الأرْضِ — that is: Allah will cause them to inherit the land of the polytheists (mushrikīn) among the Arabs and non-Arabs, and will make them kings and rulers over it — كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ — that is: as He did for those before them, namely with the Children of Israel: when He destroyed the tyrants of Syria and made them kings and inhabitants of it — وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضَى لَهُمْ — that is: Allah will establish and entrench for them their religion — meaning: their way of life which He has approved for them and commanded them with. His statement وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا is followed by an oath formula with the response لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ , because a promise is an utterance which may be followed by "that" as well as by an oath-response — one says: "I promised you that I would honor you," and also: "I promised you that I shall surely honor you."
The Qurʾān reciters differed over the reading of كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ : the majority of the reciters read it with an open tāʾ and open lām, with the meaning: as Allah appointed those before them from among the nations as successors. ʿĀṣim read it with a closed tāʾ and closed lām, in the passive form.
They also differed over the reading of وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ : the majority of the reciters in the great centers, except ʿĀṣim, read it with a doubled dāl, with the meaning: Allah will change their state from fear to safety. The Arabs say baddala when someone's state has been changed but his essence has not. This also applies to everything whose state has been changed: that is called among them mubaddal (with doubling); sometimes also with a light dāl, but that is not the best expression. However, when the essential entity itself is replaced by another, then one uses the light form — one says: "replace this garment" — that is: put another in its place. The doubling may also carry that meaning, but the most correct expression is what I have described. ʿĀṣim read it with a light dāl.
The most correct of the two readings is the doubled one, on the basis of the aforementioned meaning, because the scholars among the reciters in the great centers are agreed upon it, and because it concerns the converting of the state of fear into safety. I am of the view that ʿĀṣim held that safety is the opposite of fear, and understood the meaning as: the state of fear disappears and the state of safety appears in its place — and so he chose the light form.
A proof for what we have said — that the light form is used for the substituting of one thing for another — is the verse of Abū al-Najm:
*the deposing of the emir in favor of the substitute emir*
His statement يَعْبُدُونَنِي ("they worship Me"): that is: they bow before Me in obedience and humble themselves before My command and prohibition — لا يُشْرِكُونَ بِي شَيْئًا ("they associate nothing with Me"): that is: in their worship of Me they do not associate any idols or images as partners, nor any other thing — but they dedicate their worship purely to Me and direct it solely to Me, apart from everything that is worshipped besides Me. It is related that this verse was sent down to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ because of the complaint of some of his Companions to him at certain times that they were in severe fear of the enemy — fear and dread that overcame them, and the torments and hardships which they underwent on account of it.
We mention here the narration concerning that:
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya — concerning His statement وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ ... the verse. He said: "The Prophet ﷺ remained for ten years in fear, while he called to Allah openly and in secret. Then he was commanded to emigrate to Medina. He remained there together with his Companions in fear: they began and ended the day in armor. A man said: there will come no day on which we are safe and can lay aside our weapons. The Prophet ﷺ said: 'You will wait only a short time, until the man among you sits in a great assembly, reclining comfortably, with no iron upon him.' Then Allah sent down this verse: وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ ... up to His statement: فَمَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ ." He said: this means: whoever does not acknowledge this favor فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ — this does not concern unbelief (kufr) in Allah. He said: "Allah made him victorious over the Arabian Peninsula and they believed, but afterward they became arrogant. Allah changed what was with them and they were ungrateful for the favor, so that Allah brought upon them the fear which He had removed from them." Al-Qāsim said: Abū ʿAlī said: "This [came about] through their killing of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, may Allah have mercy on him."
The exegetes differed over the meaning of the unbelief that Allah mentions in His statement فَمَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ : Abū al-ʿĀliya said — as we have related from him — that it concerns ingratitude for the favor, not unbelief in Allah.
Concerning this, it is related from Ḥudhayfa what Ibn Bashār related to us: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ḥabīb ibn Abī al-Shathāʾ, who said: I was sitting with Ḥudhayfa and ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd, and Ḥudhayfa said: "Hypocrisy (nifāq) has vanished — hypocrisy existed only in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Now there is only unbelief after faith." ʿAbd Allāh laughed and asked: "Why do you say that?" He answered: "I know it" — and he recited وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الأرْضِ ... to the end of it.
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Ibn Abī ʿAdī related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Abū al-Shathāʾ, who said: I was sitting with Ibn Masʿūd and Ḥudhayfa. Ḥudhayfa said: "Hypocrisy has vanished — there is no more hypocrisy; now there is only unbelief after faith." ʿAbd Allāh asked: "Do you know what you are saying?" Then he recited إِنَّمَا كَانَ قَوْلَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ... up to فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ . ʿAbd Allāh laughed. Abū al-Shathāʾ said: then I met him some days later and asked: "Why did ʿAbd Allāh laugh?" He answered: "I do not know; a man sometimes laughs at something that pleases him, and sometimes at something that does not please him — for which reason he laughed, I do not know." The interpretation that Abū al-ʿĀliya has given accords best with the interpretation of the verse, because in this verse Allah promised to bestow His favors upon this community — as He announced — and then said: whoever after that is ungrateful for this favor فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ .
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning His statement يَعْبُدُونَنِي لا يُشْرِكُونَ بِي شَيْئًا : he said: "That is the community of Muḥammad ﷺ."
Ibn Bashār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Layth, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning أَمْنًا يَعْبُدُونَنِي لا يُشْرِكُونَ بِي شَيْئًا : he said: "they fear nothing except Me."
[Editor's footnotes:] (3) The verse line is from the metrical form mashṭūr al-rajaz, by Abū al-Najm al-ʿIjlī the poet (see al-Lisān: badala). Abū al-ʿAbbās — that is, Thaʿlab — said: Its actual meaning is: tabdīl is the changing of the form into another form, while the essence remains the same; and ibdāl is the setting aside of the essence and the taking up of a new essence. Hence the verse of Abū al-Najm: *the deposing of the emir in favor of the substitute emir* Do you not see that he sets aside one body and puts another in its place? (4) In Fatḥ al-Qadīr of al-Shawkānī (4:47): "without any iron object" — probably a different narration. (5) Presumably Abū al-ʿĀliya, the narrator of the report.