Tafseer of The Light · An-Noor · 24:40
Or [they are] like darknesses within an unfathomable sea which is covered by waves, upon which are waves, over which are clouds - darknesses, some of them upon others. When one puts out his hand [therein], he can hardly see it. And he to whom Allah has not granted light - for him there is no light.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
This is a second parable which Allah struck for the works of the unbelievers. Allah, exalted is His praise, says: the likeness of the works of these unbelievers — in that they are performed in error, corruption, misguidance, and confusion on the part of their authors, without guidance — is like darknesses in a deep, fathomless ocean. The ocean is described by "al-lujja" (the depth) as a designation that it is deep with much water; the "lujja" of the ocean is the overwhelming greater part of it.
يَغْشَاهُ مَوْجٌ (waves cover it) — waves cover the ocean. مِنْ فَوْقِهِ مَوْجٌ (above it another wave) — above the first wave another wave covers it. مِنْ فَوْقِهِ سَحَابٌ (above it clouds) — above the second wave which covers the first there are clouds. Allah made the darknesses a likeness for their works, and the deep ocean a likeness for the heart of the unbeliever — that is to say: he acts out of the disposition of a heart that is overwhelmed by ignorance and overlaid by error and confusion, just as this deep ocean is covered by waves, above them more waves, above them clouds. Such is the heart of this unbeliever whose work is like these darknesses: it is covered by ignorance about Allah because Allah has sealed his heart — he does not understand Allah's affairs, his hearing is sealed — he does not hear Allah's admonitions, his sight is covered so that he does not see Allah's proofs. Those are darknesses one above the other.
In similar terms the exegetes have explained this verse.
Mention of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning أَوْ كَظُلُمَاتٍ فِي بَحْرٍ لُجِّيٍّ يَغْشَاهُ مَوْجٌ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ مَوْجٌ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ سَحَابٌ up to مِنْ نُورٍ : he said — by the darknesses He means the works, by the deep ocean He means the heart of man; waves cover it, above them waves, above them clouds — darknesses one above the other; by this He means the veil over the heart, the hearing, and the sight — comparable to His words خَتَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ and His words أَفَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلَهَهُ هَوَاهُ up to أَفَلا تَذَكَّرُونَ .
Al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning أَوْ كَظُلُمَاتٍ فِي بَحْرٍ لُجِّيٍّ — deep; this is a parable which Allah struck for the unbeliever who acts in error and confusion. ظُلُمَاتٌ بَعْضُهَا فَوْقَ بَعْضٍ .
On the authority of Ubayy ibn Kaʿb it is related — ʿAbd al-Aʿlā ibn Wāṣil related to me, saying: ʿUbaydallāh ibn Mūsā related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar al-Rāzī informed us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū l-ʿĀliya, on the authority of Ubayy ibn Kaʿb — concerning أَوْ كَظُلُمَاتٍ فِي بَحْرٍ لُجِّيٍّ يَغْشَاهُ مَوْجٌ : he struck yet another parable for the unbeliever; he said: he floats in five darknesses — his speech is darkness, his action is darkness, his entering is darkness, his exiting is darkness, and his destination on the Day of Judgment is the darkness: the Fire.
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning ظُلُمَاتٌ بَعْضُهَا فَوْقَ بَعْضٍ — evil on top of evil.
His statement إِذَا أَخْرَجَ يَدَهُ لَمْ يَكَدْ يَرَاهَا (when he stretches out his hand he can hardly see it) — that is to say: when the onlooker stretches out his hand in these darknesses he can hardly see it.
If someone asks: how is "lam yakad yarāhā" said — given the intense darkness that was described? It is known that "lam akad arā fulānan" actually implies that one did indeed see him, albeit after toil and effort; but even in less dense darknesses than the one described here one can hardly see one's hand, let alone in this.
Concerning this there are three opinions: First: the meaning is "when he stretched out his hand to see it, he could hardly see how he might see it" — then this is a sentence placed forward whose meaning stands at the end, and the interpretation is: he was far from being able to see it. Second: the meaning is simply "he did not see it," and "lam yakad" functions here as "ẓanna" can be used for certainty. Third: he did see it, but only after hesitation and difficulty — as one says "I could hardly see you in the dark" while one did indeed see the other, but only after long searching. This third opinion is the most common usage of "kāda" in Arabic; the second opinion is clearer in interpretation but linguistically less obvious.
That the expression "lam yakad yarāhā" is fitting here despite the darkness described, is because this is a parable, not a description of something that actually existed.
وَمَنْ لَمْ يَجْعَلِ اللَّهُ لَهُ نُورًا (and whomever Allah has not granted light) — this means: whomever Allah has not bestowed faith, guidance out of error, and knowledge of His Book. فَمَا لَهُ مِنْ نُورٍ — he then has no faith, no guidance, and no knowledge of His Book.