Tafseer of The Pilgrimage · Al-Hajj · 22:17
Indeed, those who have believed and those who were Jews and the Sabeans and the Christians and the Magians and those who associated with Allah - Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Indeed Allah is, over all things, Witness.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: Truly, the distinction (faṣl) between these hypocrites (munāfiqūn) who worship Allah at the crossroads, and those who ascribed partners to Allah and worshipped graven images and idols, and those who became Jews — the Jews — and the Ṣābiʾūn and the Christians and the Magians (al-Majūs) who venerated and served the fires, and those who believed in Allah and His Messengers — the distinction between them rests with Allah. On the Day of Resurrection He will judge justly: placing all those factions in the Fire, and the believers in Him and His Messengers in Paradise. That is the judgement (faṣl) of Allah between them.
Qatāda used to say — as al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us; he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us; he said: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His words (إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ هَادُوا وَالصَّابِئِينَ وَالنَّصَارَى وَالْمَجُوسَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا): "The Ṣābiʾūn are a people who worship the angels, pray toward the qibla, and recite the Psalms (Zabūr). The Magians worship the sun, the moon, and the fires. Those who ascribe partners worship the graven images. The religions are six: five for the devil and one for the Merciful."
The (إِنَّ) that functions as the predicate of the first (إِنَّ) has been inserted because of the meaning that has been mentioned — namely that the sentence carries the meaning of a conditional clause — as though it were said: whoever holds to one of these religions, it is for Allah to make the distinction between him and whoever contradicts him. The Arabs sometimes insert an (إِنَّ) into the predicate of (إِنَّ) when the predicate of the first noun is a case-marker upon a pronoun referring back to it, and they say: Truly, ʿAbd Allāh — truly, goodness rests with him. As the poet said:
"Truly, the caliph — Allah has clothed him in a royal mantle, upon which the good outcome rests."
Al-Farrāʾ used to say: whoever says this does not say: "Truly you — truly you stand," nor: "Truly him — truly he stands" — because the two nouns differed from one another, which made dropping the first appropriate and allowed the second to be taken as a starting point; that difference makes it appropriate, whereas sameness makes it undesirable.
His words (إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ) mean: Truly, Allah is a witness over all the deeds of the distinct factions that Allah, exalted be His praise, has mentioned, and over everything else — none of it is hidden from Him.
The discussion of the explanation of His words: أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَسْجُدُ لَهُ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَنْ فِي الأَرْضِ وَالشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ وَالنُّجُومُ وَالْجِبَالُ وَالشَّجَرُ وَالدَّوَابُّ وَكَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَكَثِيرٌ حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ
Allah, exalted be His praise, says to His prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: Do you not see in your heart — and do you not then know — that Allah is prostrated to by those in the heavens, namely the angels, and by those on earth, namely the creatures of jinn and others; by the sun, the moon, and the stars in the sky; by the mountains, the trees, and the beasts on the earth? The prayer of all these is their shadow when the sun rises, and when it stands at its highest point — every time the shadow of a thing shifts, that is its prayer.
As al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His words (أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَسْجُدُ لَهُ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَنْ فِي الأرْضِ وَالشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ وَالنُّجُومُ وَالْجِبَالُ وَالشَّجَرُ وَالدَّوَابُّ): "The shadows of all these."
The prayer of the sun, the moon, and the stars is as Ibn Bashshār related to us; he said: Ibn Abī ʿAdī and Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us; they said: ʿAwf related to us: I heard Abā al-ʿĀliya al-Riyāḥī say: "There is no star, no sun, and no moon in the sky but that it prostrates to Allah when it sets — and thereafter it does not return until permission is granted to it; it then turns to the right and — so Muḥammad added — thus returns to its place of rising."
His words (وَكَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ) mean: and many of the descendants of Ādam prostrate — those are the believers in Allah.
As al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: (وَكَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ): "The believers."
His words (وَكَثِيرٌ حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ) — Allah, exalted be His praise, says: and many of the descendants of Ādam, the chastisement of Allah has fallen upon them and become obligatory for them because of their disbelief in Him — even while their shadow prostrates to Allah.
As al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: (وَكَثِيرٌ حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ) — "and he prays together with his shadow." According to this interpretation that we have related from Mujāhid, (وَكَثِيرٌ حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ) stands as an appendage to (وَكَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ) and thus also falls under those whom Allah described as prostrating to Him. Had the second group been those not counted among whom prayer was described, then (كثير) would stand in the nominative — the antecedent referring to the pronoun in (حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ) — and the meaning of the sentence would then be: and many refused the prayer, for (حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الْعَذَابُ) indicates disobedience to Allah and refusal of the prayer, by which the chastisement (ʿadhāb) became obligatory for them.