Tafseer of The Prophets · Al-Anbiyaa · 21:30
Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: Have these unbelievers then not seen and understood with the eyes of their hearts that the heavens and the earth were "ratq" — that is to say: they possessed no opening but were joined together? One says: "So-and-so raṭaqa the tear" when he sewed it shut; one then speaks of raṭaqa – yartiqu raṭqan wa-ruṭūqan. Hence the woman whose private parts are closed together is called "raṭqāʾ." The singular raṭq is used here, although it concerns a quality of both heaven and earth, because it is an infinitive, as one says: al-zawr, al-ṣawm, al-fiṭr.
His words فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا — "And We split them apart." He says: We cleaved them and opened them.
Thereafter the exegetes differed concerning the meaning of Allah's description of the heavens and the earth as ratq, and how that joining-together was, and in what sense they were split apart.
Some said: the meaning is that the heavens and the earth were joined together and that Allah separated them from each other by the air.
Mention of those who said this:
ʿAlī related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning the words أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا : "He says: they were joined together."
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning the words أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا — the entire verse: "He says: they were joined together; then He raised up the heaven and set down the earth."
It was reported to me concerning al-Ḥusayn, he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd ibn Sulaymān informed us, he said: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning the words أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "Ibn ʿAbbās said: they were stuck together, and Allah split them apart."
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning the words أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "Al-Ḥasan and Qatāda said: they were together, and Allah separated them by this air."
Others said: the meaning is that the heavens were one joined-together layer and that Allah split them and made of them seven heavens; and likewise the earth was joined together, and He split it and made of it seven layers of earth.
Mention of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the words رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "Of the earth there were six along with it, so that they are seven layers of earth; and of the heaven there were six along with it, so that they are seven heavens" — and he said: "The earth and the heaven did not touch each other."
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the words رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "He split them into seven heavens one above the other, and seven layers of earth one below the other."
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — identical to the narration of Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr on the authority of Abū ʿĀṣim.
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd ibn Bayān related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Yazīd informed us, on the authority of Ismāʿīl, who said: I asked Abū Ṣāliḥ about the words كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا — he said: "The earth was joined together (ratq) and the heavens were joined together; Allah split from the heaven seven heavens and from the earth seven layers of earth."
Mūsā related to us, he said: ʿAmr related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī, who said: "There was one heaven, then He split it and made of it seven heavens, in two days: Thursday and Friday. And Friday was so named because on that day the creation of the heavens and the earth was completed (jāmaʿa). That is what Allah means by: خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ and كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا ."
Others said: the intent is that the heavens were joined together and let no rain fall, and the earth was likewise joined together and let nothing grow; and Allah split the heaven with rain and the earth with vegetation.
Mention of those who said this:
Hannād related to us, he said: Abū al-Aḥwaṣ related to us, on the authority of Simāk, on the authority of ʿIkrima, concerning the words أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "They were joined together, nothing came out; Allah split the heaven with rain and split the earth with vegetation." And he said: "That is what Allah means by وَالسَّمَاءِ ذَاتِ الرَّجْعِ * وَالْأَرْضِ ذَاتِ الصَّدْعِ ."
Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣadāʾī related to me, he said: my father related to us, on the authority of al-Fuḍayl ibn Marzūq, on the authority of ʿAṭiyya, concerning the words أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "The heaven was joined together and let no rain fall, the earth was joined together and let nothing grow. Allah split the heaven with rain and split the earth with vegetation, and made from the water every living thing. Do they then not believe?"
Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning the words أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا : "The heavens were joined together and let no rain descend; the earth was joined together and let no plants sprout. Allah split them: He sent down the rain from the heaven, cleaved the earth and made its crops sprout forth." And he recited فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ .
Others said: it states فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا because the night was before the day; Allah split off the day.
Mention of those who said this:
Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: "The night was created before the day." Then he said: "They were joined together, and We split them apart."
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct of these opinions is the view of the one who said: the meaning is that the heavens and the earth were joined together with respect to rain and vegetation, and We split the heaven with the downpour and the earth with the vegetation.
We say this is the correct opinion because the words وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ point to it, and because Allah, exalted be His praise, did not follow this up with the description of the water in this capacity except after He had pointed to the causes of it.
If someone were to ask: if that is so, why then does it state "the heavens and the earth were joined together" while the rain descends only from the nearest heaven? — then the answer is: there is disagreement about this. Some said: it descends from the seventh heaven; others said: from the fourth heaven. And even if it descended from the nearest heaven as you say, then in the words أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ there is no indication that runs counter to what we have said, for it is not forbidden to say "the heavens" while only one is intended — they are then put in the plural because each part of it is a heaven, as one says: a worn-out garment (thawb akhlāq) and a frayed shirt (qamīṣ asmāl).
If someone were to ask: how can it state كَانَتَا — the dual form — while "the heavens" is a plural, and the normal ending for feminine plurals with few exemplars is "kunna" and with many "kānat"? — then the answer is: it states كَانَتَا because it concerns two kinds: the heavens are one kind and the earth another. That is comparable to the verse of al-Aswad ibn Yaʿfur:
"Verily death and the calamities — the two of them seek out my dark form upon the mountain passes of the road."
He said "the two of them" (kilāhumā) while he had named both "death" and "the calamities," because he had the two kinds in mind. And it has been related to me concerning Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar ibn al-Muthannā that he said: Ghālib al-Nafīlī recited to me on behalf of al-Qaṭāmī:
"Did the ropes of Qays and those of Taghlib not touch you with grief, now that they are parted from one another, wholly severed?"
He treated the "ropes of Qays" — a plural — and the "ropes of Taghlib" — a plural — as two units together.
His words وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ — "And We made from the water every living thing." Allah, exalted be His praise, says: We caused all things to live through the water that We send down from the heaven.
Thus Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning the words وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ : "Every living thing is created from water."
If someone were to ask: why is every living thing in particular singled out as being made from the water and not the remaining things? For it is known that crops, plants and trees too live by the water, while of them it is not said that they live or are dead. — then the answer is: because of all those things there is nothing that does not know life and death, even though the meaning of that with them differs from that with the possessors of souls — for with the possessors of souls there are souls present while these are absent with the former. Therefore it states وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ .
His words أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ — "Do they then not believe?" He says: do they then not affirm this and acknowledge the godhood of the One who did this, and devote worship to Him alone?