Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:84
And [recall] when We took your covenant, [saying], "Do not shed each other's blood or evict one another from your homes." Then you acknowledged [this] while you were witnessing.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَكُمْ لا تَسْفِكُونَ دِمَاءَكُمْ وَلا تُخْرِجُونَ أَنْفُسَكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ
(And when We accepted your covenant: you shall not shed one another's blood, and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: His saying: (And when We accepted your covenant: you shall not shed one another's blood) is, with regard to its meaning and its grammatical parsing, equivalent to His saying: وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ لا تَعْبُدُونَ إِلا اللَّهَ (And when We accepted the covenant of the Children of Israel: you shall worship nothing but Allah).
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As for "the shedding of blood" (safk al-dam): this means the pouring out and the causing of it to flow.
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If someone were to ask: What is the meaning of His saying: (you shall not shed one another's blood, and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings)? And he were to say: Did that people kill themselves and drive themselves out of their dwellings, such that this was forbidden to them? — Then the answer is: The matter is not as you have supposed; rather, it was forbidden to them that one of them should kill another. For in the killing of one man among them by another man lay the killing of themselves, since their religious community [was one, and the two of them] held the position of a single man. As he — peace be upon him — said:
1463 — "Indeed the believers, in their mutual mercy and affection toward one another, are like a single body: when one part of it suffers pain, then the rest of the body responds to its aid with fever and sleeplessness."
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It is also permissible that the meaning of His saying: (you shall not shed one another's blood) is, namely: that a man among you shall not kill another man among you, whereupon retaliation (qiṣāṣ) is carried out against him, so that he thereby kills himself — because it was he who brought about for himself the cause through which he deserved death. Therefore that was ascribed to him, namely the killing of him by the guardian of the slain one by way of retaliation (qiṣāṣ) for his ward. Just as it is said to a man who commits some deed through which he deserves the punishment, and who then undergoes the punishment: "You brought this upon yourself."
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And in accordance with what we have said concerning the explanation of this, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have also spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
1464 — Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd ibn Zurayʿ related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His saying (And when We accepted your covenant: you shall not shed one another's blood), that is: let not one of you kill another, (and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings), and your own soul, O son of Adam, those are the members of your religious community.
1465 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya, concerning His saying: (And when We accepted your covenant: you shall not shed one another's blood), he says: let not one of you kill another, (and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings), he says: let not one of you drive another out of the dwellings.
1466 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His saying: (you shall not shed one another's blood), he says: let not one of you kill another without right, (and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings), such that you, O son of Adam, shed the blood of the members of your religious community and of your community of prayer.
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The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: ثُمَّ أَقْرَرْتُمْ
(Then you affirmed it.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: By His saying (then you affirmed it) He means: the covenant that We accepted from you, namely that you shall not shed one another's blood and shall not drive one another out of your dwellings, as:
1467 — Al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya: (then you affirmed it), he says: you affirmed this covenant.
1468 — And it was related to me, on the authority of ʿAmmār, saying: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, something similar.
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The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: وَأَنْتُمْ تَشْهَدُونَ (84)
(while you bear witness.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) differed concerning who is addressed by His saying: (while you bear witness). Some of them said: this is an address of Allah — exalted is His mention — directed to the Jews who were present in the vicinity of the place of refuge of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ at the time of his hijra to it, in which He rebuked them for their neglect of the rulings of the Torah which they held in their hands and whose legislation they affirmed. So Allah, the Exalted, said to them: ثُمَّ أَقْرَرْتُمْ (then you affirmed it), by which He means: the affirmation by your predecessors and forefathers, (while you bear witness) to their affirmation when the covenant was accepted from them, that they would not shed one another's blood and would not drive one another out of their dwellings, and you confirm that this is a truth from My covenant with them. And among those from whom the meaning of this saying has been transmitted is Ibn ʿAbbās.
1469 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, saying: Ibn Isḥāq related to me, saying: Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad related to me, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, or ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: (And when We accepted your covenant: you shall not shed one another's blood and you shall not drive one another out of your dwellings, then you affirmed it while you bear witness) that this is a truth from My covenant with you.
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And others said: rather it is an announcement by Allah — exalted is His praise — about their predecessors, but He — exalted is His mention — issued the announcement about them in the form of a direct address, in the manner that we have described regarding the other verses that are equivalent to this, whose explanation we have already clarified previously.
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And they explained His saying: (while you bear witness) in the sense of: while you are bearing witness.
* Mention of who said that:
1470 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya, concerning His saying: (while you bear witness), he says: while you are bearing witness.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: The correct view concerning the explanation of this is, in my judgment: that His saying (while you bear witness) is an announcement about their forefathers, in which are also included the addressees among them, namely those who lived in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ — just as His saying وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَكُمْ (And when We accepted your covenant) was an announcement about their forefathers, even though it was an address to those who lived in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. For Allah, the Exalted, accepted the covenant of those who lived among the Children of Israel in the time of the Messenger of Allah, Mūsā ﷺ — in the manner that He has clarified for us in His Book — and He imposed upon all their descendants who came after them the same ruling of the Torah that He imposed upon those among them who lived in the time of Mūsā. Then He rebuked those whom He addressed with these verses for their violation — and the violation by their forefathers — of that covenant, and for their denial of what they had made binding upon themselves of faithful fulfillment of the covenants, with His saying: (then you affirmed it while you bear witness). And since it was issued in the form of an address to those among them who lived in the time of our Prophet ﷺ, what is meant by it is everyone among them who entered into the covenant in the time of Mūsā and afterward, and everyone among them who bore witness by the confirmation of what is in the Torah. For Allah — exalted is His praise — by His saying: (then you affirmed it while you bear witness) — and what resembles it among the verses — did not single out some of them to the exclusion of others. And the verse leaves open the possibility that all of them are meant by it. And since that is so, no one has the right to claim that only some of them are meant by it to the exclusion of others. And likewise is the ruling of the verse that follows this, I mean His saying: ثُمَّ أَنْتُمْ هَؤُلاءِ تَقْتُلُونَ أَنْفُسَكُمْ (Then it is you who kill one another), to the end of the verse. For it has been transmitted to us that their predecessors already performed of that kind of deed what their descendants also performed who lived in the era of our Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ.