Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:23
And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our Servant [Muhammad], then produce a surah the like thereof and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His statement: وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِ
(And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down to Our servant, then bring a sura of the like thereof.)
Abū Jaʿfar said: This is, from Allah, Mighty and Exalted is He, an argument in favor of His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ against the polytheists (mushrikīn) among his people of the Arabs and their hypocrites (munāfiqūn), and the unbelievers (kuffār) among the People of the Book and their misguided ones — those with whose mention He, exalted be His praise, opened His statement: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ (Indeed, those who disbelieve — it is all the same to them whether you warn them or do not warn them). It is they whom He addresses with these verses, and their likes whom He means by them. Allah, exalted be His praise, said: And if you, O polytheists among the Arabs and unbelievers among the people of the two Books, are in doubt — and that is the doubt (rayb) — about what We have sent down to Our servant Muḥammad ﷺ of light, proof, and the signs of the distinction (furqān): namely that it is from Me, and that it is I who have sent it down to him, and you do not believe in it and do not hold him to be truthful in what he says — then bring a proof that refutes his proof. For you know that the proof of every prophet for his truthfulness in his claim to prophethood is this: that he brings forth a proof-sign that the whole of creation is unable to bring forth in the like thereof. And among the proof of Muḥammad ﷺ for his truthfulness, and his proof-sign for the authenticity of his prophethood, and that what he has brought is from Me, is the inability of all of you and of all whom you call to your aid among your helpers and allies to bring forth a sura of the like thereof. And when you are not able to do so — while you are the masters of skill in eloquence, rhetoric, and sharpness of tongue (dharāba) — then you already know that others besides you are even more incapable of that which you yourselves are unable to do. Just as the proof-sign of My former messengers and prophets for their truthfulness, and their proof for their prophethood, consisted of signs the like of which the whole of My creation was unable to bring forth. Then it is established for you at that moment that Muḥammad did not invent it himself and did not devise it, for had that been an invention and a devising on his part, you and the whole of My creation would not have been incapable of bringing forth the like thereof. For Muḥammad ﷺ is no more than a human being like yourselves, and in the same condition as you with respect to body, stature, and sharpness of tongue — such that it might be supposed of him that he has the capacity for that which you are unable to do, or such that it might be thought of you that you are incapable of that which he is able to do.
Then the exegetes differed concerning the explanation of His statement: "then bring a sura of the like thereof."
491 – Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, on the authority of Saʿīd, on the authority of Qatāda: "then bring a sura of the like thereof" — that is: of the like of this Qurʾān, with truth and sincerity, without falsehood and without lie in it.
492 – Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar reported to us, on the authority of Qatāda concerning His statement: "then bring a sura of the like thereof," he says: a sura of the like of this Qurʾān.
493 – Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā ibn Maymūn, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: "then bring a sura of the like thereof" — of the like of the Qurʾān.
494 – Al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.
495 – Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: "then bring a sura of the like thereof," he said: "of the like" — of the like of the Qurʾān.
The meaning of the statement of Mujāhid and Qatāda which we have mentioned from them is: that Allah, exalted be His mention, said to those among the unbelievers who disputed with Him concerning His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: then bring forth a sura of the like of this Qurʾān from your own speech, O Arabs, just as Muḥammad has brought it in your languages and the meanings of your colloquial speech.
Others have said: The meaning of His statement "then bring a sura of the like thereof" is: from someone like Muḥammad among mankind, for Muḥammad is a human being like yourselves.
Abū Jaʿfar said: The first explanation, which Mujāhid and Qatāda gave, is the correct explanation. For Allah, exalted be His praise, said in another sura: أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِثْلِهِ [Sūrat Yūnus: 38] (Or do they say: "He has invented it"? Say: "Then bring a sura of the like thereof"). And it is known that the sura has no counterpart or equivalent that is comparable to Muḥammad, such that one could say: "bring a sura that is comparable to Muḥammad."
If someone were to say: You have mentioned that Allah meant by His statement "then bring a sura of the like thereof": of the like of this Qurʾān — does the Qurʾān then have an equal, such that it can be said: bring a sura of the like thereof?
Then it is answered: He did not mean by it: bring a sura of the like in composition and in the meanings by which the Qurʾān is distinguished from all other speech; He only meant: bring a sura of the like in eloquence (bayān), for the Qurʾān Allah has sent down in an Arabic tongue, and the speech of the Arabs without doubt has an equal in the sense of Arabic. But as for the meaning by which the Qurʾān is distinguished from all the speech of created beings — in that respect it has, from that standpoint, no equal, no counterpart, and no equivalent.
Allah, exalted be His praise, adduced against them in favor of His Prophet ﷺ only that as proof by which He had argued for him against them from the Qurʾān, when the inability of the people came to light to bring forth a sura of the like in eloquence — since the Qurʾān was an eloquence like their own eloquence, and a speech that was sent down in their own tongue. He, exalted be His praise, then said to them: And if you are in doubt whether that which I have sent down to My servant of the Qurʾān is from Me, then bring forth a sura from your own speech that is equal to it in Arabic, since you are Arabs, and the Qurʾān is an eloquence that is the counterpart of your eloquence, and a speech that resembles your speech. For He, exalted be His praise, did not impose upon them to bring forth a sura from a tongue other than the tongue that is the counterpart of the tongue in which the Qurʾān was sent down, so that they would be able to say: "You have imposed upon us something that we, if we mastered it, would bring forth; but we are not able to bring it forth because we do not belong to the people of the tongue which you have imposed upon us to bring forth, and so you have herein no argument against us." For they — even if they were incapable of bringing forth the like thereof from a tongue other than their own because they did not belong to it — among mankind there is a great number of created beings who do not belong to the people of their tongue, and who would be able to bring forth the like thereof from the tongue which He has imposed upon them to bring forth. But He, exalted be His praise, said to them: bring a sura of the like thereof, for the like of it among the tongues is your own tongue. And you — if Muḥammad devised it and invented it, when you gather together and assist one another to bring forth a sura of the like thereof from your own tongue and eloquence — are better able to devise it, to assemble it, and to compose it than Muḥammad ﷺ. And even if you are not better able to do so than he, then you — while you are many — will nevertheless not be incapable of that which Muḥammad was able to do while he stood alone, if you are truthful in your claim and assertion that Muḥammad invented and devised it, and that it is from someone other than Me.
The exegetes differed concerning the explanation of His statement: وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِ وَادْعُوا شُهَدَاءَكُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ (23)
(And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down to Our servant, then bring a sura of the like thereof and call your witnesses besides Allah, if you are truthful).
Ibn ʿAbbās said then, as:
496 – Muḥammad ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad, the freedman of Zayd ibn Thābit, on the authority of ʿIkrima, or on the authority of Saʿīd, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: "and call your witnesses besides Allah" — that is: your helpers in that upon which you stand, if you are truthful.
497 – Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: "and call your witnesses" — people who bear witness.
498 – Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.
499 – Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Wakīʿ related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of a man, on the authority of Mujāhid, he said: a people who bear witness for you.
500 – Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: "and call your witnesses," he said: people who bear witness. Ibn Jurayj said: "your witnesses" concerning that — when you bring it forth — that it is of the like thereof, of the like of the Qurʾān.
That is the statement of Allah to those among the unbelievers who doubted that which Muḥammad ﷺ has brought. And His statement "then call" means: call for aid and seek assistance, as the poet said:
When our horsemen and their men met one another, they cried: "O, to Kaʿb!" and we appealed to ʿĀmir.
By his statement "they cried: O, to Kaʿb" he means: they called Kaʿb for aid and sought assistance from them.
As for the "witnesses" (shuhadāʾ): that is the plural of shahīd, just as shurakāʾ is the plural of sharīk (partner), and khuṭabāʾ the plural of khaṭīb (orator). By "shahīd" is designated the one who bears witness concerning something in favor of another with that which establishes his claim. And it can also designate the one who is a witness of something, just as one says: "so-and-so is the jalīs of so-and-so" — by which one means his companion in sitting; and "his nadīm" — by which one means his companion in the drinking-party; and likewise one says "shahīduhu" — by which one means his fellow beholder.
Since "shuhadāʾ" can be both the plural of "shahīd" in the sense of the witness, and can be applied to the two meanings which I have described, the most fitting of the two interpretations for the explanation of this verse is that which Ibn ʿAbbās has said, namely that the meaning is: call for aid to bring forth a sura of the like thereof, and call your helpers and witnesses who assist you and support you in your accusation that Allah and His Messenger lie, and who support you in your unbelief (kufr) and hypocrisy (nifāq), if you are right in your denial that that which Muḥammad ﷺ has brought you is an invention and a devising of his own — so that you may put yourselves and others to the test: whether you are able to bring forth a sura of the like thereof, such that Muḥammad would be able to bring forth the whole of it from himself as an invention.
As for that which Mujāhid and Ibn Jurayj have said in the explanation thereof, for it there is no ground. For the people in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ consisted of three kinds: people of pure faith (īmān), people of pure unbelief (kufr), and people of hypocrisy (nifāq) in between the two. The people of faith believed in Allah and in His Messenger, and it was therefore impossible that the unbelievers would claim that they had witnesses from among the believers — witnesses to the authenticity of that which they would bring forth, if they brought forth an invented imitation of the message and then claimed that it was a counterpart of the Qurʾān. And as for the people of hypocrisy and unbelief: there is no doubt that they, if they were called to confirm falsehood and to nullify the truth, would hasten toward that with full devotion in their unbelief and misguidance. From which of the two groups would their witnesses then come, if they claimed that they had brought forth a sura of the like of the Qurʾān?
But it is rather as He, exalted be His praise, has said: قُلْ لَئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَذَا الْقُرْآنِ لا يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا [Sūrat al-Isrāʾ: 88] (Say: "If mankind and the jinn were to unite to bring forth the like of this Qurʾān, they would not bring forth the like thereof, even if they were to be a support to one another"). He, exalted be His praise, declared in this verse that the jinn and mankind cannot bring forth the like of the Qurʾān, even if they were to assist and help one another to bring it forth. And He challenged them, by way of rebuke, in Sūrat al-Baqara, and said, exalted is He: "And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down to Our servant, then bring a sura of the like thereof and call your witnesses besides Allah, if you are truthful." He means by it: if you are in doubt about the truthfulness of Muḥammad in that which he has brought you from Me, namely that it is from Me, then bring a sura of the like thereof, and let one of you call the other to aid therein, if you are truthful in your claim — so that you may know that, when you are incapable of that, Muḥammad ﷺ is not able to bring it forth, and no human being is able to do so, and it is established for you that it is My sending-down and My revelation (waḥy) to My servant.