Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:207
And of the people is he who sells himself, seeking means to the approval of Allah. And Allah is kind to [His] servants.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَشْرِي نَفْسَهُ ابْتِغَاءَ مَرْضَاةِ اللَّهِ ("And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah").
Abū Jaʿfar said: He means by it — exalted be His praise: And among the people is he who sells himself in exchange for what Allah has promised those who fight in His path, and with whom He has purchased their lives by His saying: إِنَّ اللَّهَ اشْتَرَى مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ بِأَنَّ لَهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ ("Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their wealth in exchange for the Paradise that is theirs") (al-Tawba: 111).
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And we have already demonstrated elsewhere that the meaning of "sharā" (شرى) is "sold," in a manner sufficient so that repetition is needless.
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As for His saying "seeking the good pleasure of Allah" (ibtighāʾa marḍāti Llāh): He means that this seller, when he buys, seeks the good pleasure of Allah.
And "ibtighāʾ" stands in the accusative by His saying "yashrī" (sells), as though He said: And among the people is he who sells himself for the sake of seeking the good pleasure of Allah; then "for the sake of" was elided and the verb exercised its governance upon it.
And some of the philologists have claimed that this stands in the accusative on account of the verb, namely on account of "yashrī," as though He said: for (li-) the seeking of the good pleasure of Allah; and when the "lām" was removed, the verb exercised its governance. He said: And comparable to it is حَذَرَ الْمَوْتِ ("out of fear of death") (al-Baqara: 19). And the poet — namely Ḥātim — said:
And I forgive the slip of the noble one, to preserve him, and I turn away from the speech of the base one, out of nobility.
And he said: When he removed the "lām," he let the verb exercise its governance upon it.
And some of them said: Whatever verbal noun (maṣdar) is placed in the position of the condition and in the position of "an," there suit it well the "bāʾ" and the "lām," so that you say: "I came to you out of fear of evil — and for fear of evil — and because I feared evil." The qualifier (governing term) is thus not known; therefore it was elided and the verbal noun set in its place. He said: And were the qualifier a single, definite word, then its elision would not be permissible, just as it is not permissible for one who says: "I did this for you and for so-and-so" to elide the "lām."
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Then the interpreters differed concerning whom this āyah is about and whom is intended by it. Some of them said: It was revealed concerning the Muhājirūn (the emigrants) and the Anṣār (the helpers), and intended by it are those who fight in the path of Allah.
* The mention of who said that:
4000 — al-Ḥusayn ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His saying: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah," he said: The Muhājirūn and the Anṣār.
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And some of them said: It was revealed concerning certain men among the Muhājirūn in particular.
* The mention of who said that:
4001 — al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿIkrima: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah," he said: It was revealed concerning Ṣuhayb ibn Sinān and Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, Jundub ibn al-Sakan. The family of Abū Dharr seized Abū Dharr, but he escaped from them and came to the Prophet ﷺ; and when he returned as an emigrant, they barred his way — they were at Marr al-Ẓahrān — but he escaped again, until he reached the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. As for Ṣuhayb: his family seized him, and he ransomed himself from them with his wealth, and then departed as an emigrant. Then Qunfudh ibn ʿUmayr ibn Judʿān overtook him, and he gave up to him what remained of his wealth, and this one let him go his way.
4002 — It was related to me, on the authority of ʿAmmār, saying: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, concerning His saying: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah," the āyah, he said: There was a man of the people of Mecca who accepted Islam, and he wished to go to the Prophet ﷺ and emigrate to Medina; but they prevented him from it and detained him. He said to them: I give you my house and my wealth and all that I possess! So let me go, that I may join this man! But they refused. Then one of them said to them: Take from him all that he possesses and let him go! So they did that, and he gave them his house and his wealth, and then departed. And when he drew near to Medina, ʿUmar came out to meet him with a number of men, and ʿUmar said to him: The transaction has been profitable! He said: And your transaction, may it not be a loss! He said: What then? He said: Concerning you such and such has been revealed.
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And others said: Rather, what is intended by it is everyone who sells himself in obedience to Allah and in jihād in His path, or in commanding the right.
* The mention of who said that:
4003 — Muḥammad ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Ḥusayn ibn al-Ḥasan Abū ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Abū ʿAwn related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad, saying: Hishām ibn ʿĀmir charged upon the ranks until he broke through them, whereupon they said: He has cast himself to destruction with his own hand! Then Abū Hurayra said: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah."
4004 — Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Muṣʿab ibn al-Miqdām related to us, saying: Isrāʾīl related to us, on the authority of Ṭāriq ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, on the authority of Qays ibn Abī Ḥāzim, on the authority of al-Mughīra, saying: ʿUmar sent out an army, and they laid siege to the people of a fortress. A man of Bajīla stepped forward and fought, and was killed; the people said much about that: He has cast himself into ruin with his own hand! That reached ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, may Allah be pleased with him, and he said: They lie! Does not Allah, mighty and exalted, say: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah, and Allah is gentle (raʾūf) toward the servants"?
4005 — Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Abū Dāwūd related to us, saying: Hishām related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, saying: Hishām ibn ʿĀmir charged upon the ranks until he tore them open, whereupon Abū Hurayra said: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah."
4006 — Sawwār ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAnbarī related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Mahdī related to us, saying: Ḥazm ibn Abī Ḥazm related to us, saying: I heard al-Ḥasan recite: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah, and Allah is gentle toward the servants." Do you know concerning what it was revealed? It was revealed concerning the fact that the Muslim met the unbeliever (kāfir) and said to him: "Say: there is no god but Allah," and when you say that, you have protected your blood and your wealth, except by what is their due! But he refused to say it, whereupon the Muslim said: By Allah, I shall surely sell myself for Allah! Then he stepped forward and fought until he was killed.
4007 — Aḥmad ibn Ḥāzim related to me, saying: Abū Nuʿaym related to us, Ziyād ibn Abī Muslim related to us, on the authority of Abū al-Khalīl, saying: ʿUmar heard a person reciting this āyah: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah," whereupon ʿUmar pronounced the istirjāʿ and said: Indeed, to Allah we belong and indeed, to Him we return! A man arose who commanded the right and forbade the wrong, and was killed.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: And what is most in accord with the outward sense of this āyah in interpretation is what is related from ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, from ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and from Ibn ʿAbbās, may Allah be pleased with them: that what is intended by it is the one who commands the right and forbids the wrong.
That is because Allah — exalted be His praise — described the quality of two groups: the one is a hypocrite (munāfiq) who utters with his tongue the opposite of what is in his inner self, and when he is able to disobey Allah, he commits it, and when he is not able to do so, he strives for it; and when he is admonished, pride seizes him in the sin, in that by which he sins. And the other of the two is one who sells himself, seeking the good pleasure of Allah. The outward sense of the interpretation, then, was that the group described as the one who sold himself for Allah and sought His good pleasure sold himself only in order to turn against the wicked group (al-fājir), seeking the good pleasure of Allah. This, then, is the most predominant, the most manifest of the interpretation of the āyah.
As for what is related concerning the fact that the āyah was revealed in the matter of Ṣuhayb: that is not objectionable, since it cannot be denied that it is permissible for an āyah from Allah to be revealed to His Messenger ﷺ on account of some occasion, while what is intended by it is everyone whom its outward sense encompasses.
The correct view of the saying concerning that, then, is that one say: Allah, mighty and exalted, described one who sells himself seeking His good pleasure; everyone, then, who sells himself in obedience to Him until he is killed therein, or who seeks death even though he is not killed, that one is intended by His saying: "And among the people is he who sells himself seeking the good pleasure of Allah" — whether that proceeded from him in the jihād against the enemy of the Muslims, or in commanding the right or forbidding the wrong.
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The explanation of the saying of the Exalted: وَاللَّهُ رَءُوفٌ بِالْعِبَادِ ("And Allah is gentle toward the servants") (2:207).
We have already previously demonstrated the meaning of "raʾfa" (gentleness/compassion), in a manner sufficient so that its repetition in this place is needless, and that it is the tenderness of mercy.
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The meaning of that, then, is: And Allah is possessor of a wide mercy toward His servant who sells himself for Him in the jihād against whoever turns against Him in His cause among the people of shirk and moral corruption (fisq), and toward the rest of His believing servants, in their near future and in their future place of return; thus He fulfills for them the reward for what they have been tried with in obedience to Him in this world, and He causes them to dwell in His gardens for what they performed therein of that which is pleasing to Him.