Tafseer of Mary · Maryam · 19:64
[Gabriel said], "And we [angels] descend not except by the order of your Lord. To Him belongs that before us and that behind us and what is in between. And never is your Lord forgetful -
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
It has been mentioned that this verse was revealed because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ found that Jibrīl was too slow in coming with the revelation. I have already mentioned some of the reports; hereafter I mention — if Allah wills — the rest of what comes to my mind concerning this, insofar as I have not already mentioned it earlier.
* Mention of who said that:
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: ʿAbdullāh related to us, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn Abān al-ʿIjlī and Qabīṣa and Wakīʿ related to us — and Sufyān ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: my father related to us — all on the authority of ʿUmar ibn Dharr: he said: I heard my father mention, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — that Muḥammad said to Jibrīl: "What prevents you from visiting us more often than you do?" Then this verse was revealed: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا (We descend only by the command of your Lord; to Him belongs what is before us and what is behind us and what is between that; and your Lord is not forgetful). He said: this is the answer to Muḥammad ﷺ.
Muḥammad ibn Maʿmar related to me, saying: ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAmr related to us, saying: ʿUmar ibn Dharr related to us, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — that the Prophet ﷺ said to Jibrīl: "What prevents you from visiting us more often than you do?" Then was revealed: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ .
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ up to وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا : he said: Jibrīl stayed away from the Prophet ﷺ, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was saddened and worried by that; then Jibrīl appeared to him and said: O Muḥammad, وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا .
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda: he said: Jibrīl stayed away from the Prophet ﷺ; it seemed that the Prophet found that it was taking too long. When he finally visited him, Jibrīl said to him: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ ... the verse.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : he said: these are the words of Jibrīl; Jibrīl stayed away during a portion of the revelation, and the Prophet of Allah ﷺ said: "You have only now come, and I had already longed for you." Jibrīl then said to him: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا .
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us — and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — all on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ : he said: these are the words of the angels, when Muḥammad ﷺ found that they came too slowly — like (the revelation) in Sūrat al-Ḍuḥā.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: he said: Jibrīl stayed away from Muḥammad for twelve nights; the people said: he has been forsaken. When he finally came, the Prophet said: "O Jibrīl, you have stayed away so long that the polytheists have entertained all kinds of conjectures." Then was revealed: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا .
It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn: he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd related to us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ : he stayed away from the Prophet of Allah ﷺ until the polytheists spoke about it and that weighed heavily upon the Prophet of Allah. Then Jibrīl appeared to him and said: "It has weighed heavily upon you that we stayed away from you, and the polytheists have spoken about it — but I am only a servant of Allah and His messenger; when He gives me a command, I obey." وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ : He says: at the word of your Lord.
Thereafter the people of tafsīr differed over the explanation of His word لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ . Some of them said: by مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا He means the worldly life (dunyā), by وَمَا خَلْفَنَا the hereafter (ākhira), and by وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ the period between the two blasts of the trumpet.
* Mention of who said that:
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Ḥakkām related to us, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ — concerning لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : the worldly life (dunyā); وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : the hereafter (ākhira); وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ : the period between the two blasts of the trumpet.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Abū Jaʿfar, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya: he said: مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا is the worldly life (dunyā); وَمَا خَلْفَنَا is the matter of the hereafter; وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ is the period between the two blasts of the trumpet.
Others said: مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا is the hereafter; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا is the worldly life (dunyā); وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ is what lies between the worldly life and the hereafter.
* Mention of who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : the hereafter; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : the worldly life.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : the matter of the hereafter; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : the matter of the worldly life; وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ : what lies between the worldly life and the hereafter; وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا .
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : the hereafter; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : the worldly life; وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ : the period between the two blasts of the trumpet.
It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn: he said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd informed us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : the hereafter; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : the worldly life.
Others said — as al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj — concerning مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : what of the worldly life has already passed before us; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : what will come after us of worldly life and hereafter; وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ : what lies between what has already passed before them and what will come after them.
One of the grammarians of Basra explained it thus: مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا : before we were created; وَمَا خَلْفَنَا : after the passing away; وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ : the period during which we exist.
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct of these opinions is the opinion of him who said: the meaning is: to Him belongs what is before us of the matters of the hereafter — for that has not yet come while it is in fact coming, so it is before them; for the most current meaning in the usage of the people when they say "this is before you" is indeed that which has not yet come and is coming, and for that reason we say that this is the most correct. And what is behind us concerns the matters of the worldly life — that is what they have left behind when it passed and remained behind them because they left it behind; the Arabs likewise say about what one has already passed and left behind: it is behind him and after him. And what lies between that: what lies between the part of the worldly life that has not yet passed and the hereafter, for that is what is between those two points in time.
The reason why we say that this is the most correct of all the explanations is that it is the most obvious meaning; and the interpretation of the Qurʾān should be referred back to the most obvious of its meanings, so long as there is nothing that argues against it which ought to be accepted. Consider the passage, then, thus: do not reproach us, O Muḥammad, for our absence from you, for we descend from heaven to earth only by the command of your Lord to us to descend. To Allah belongs what will take place of the matters of the hereafter — which has not yet come but will come — and what of the matters of the worldly life has already passed and we have left behind us, and what lies between this present moment of ours and the arrival of the Hour: all of that is in His hand. He is its owner and its director, and no one else possesses that. We therefore have no right to undertake anything in His dominion unless He commands us to do so. وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا (and your Lord is not forgetful): He says: your Lord is not forgetful, such that my coming to you would be delayed because He forgets you — no, He is the One from whom nothing in the heavens nor on the earth escapes, Exalted and Glorified is He; rather He knows best what He directs and decrees for His creation.
In accordance with what we have said concerning this, the people of tafsīr also spoke.
* Mention of who said that:
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — concerning وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا : your Lord has not forgotten you.