Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:54
Your Lord is most knowing of you. If He wills, He will have mercy upon you; or if He wills, He will punish you. And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], over them as a manager.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah the Exalted says to these polytheists of Quraysh who said أَئِذَا كُنَّا عِظَامًا وَرُفَاتًا أَئِنَّا لَمَبْعُوثُونَ خَلْقًا جَدِيدًا (When we have become bones and crumbled dust, shall we then be resurrected as a new creation?): رَبُّكُمْ O people أَعْلَمُ بِكُمْ إِنْ يَشَأْ يَرْحَمْكُمْ (Your Lord knows you best: if He wills, He will have mercy upon you) — so that He makes you turn in repentance through His mercy, until you turn away from the disbelief you are upon, in Him and in the Last Day. إِنْ يَشَأْ يُعَذِّبْكُمْ (And if He wills, He will punish you) — by His forsaking you from faith, so that you die upon your polytheism, and then He punishes you on the Day of Resurrection for your disbelief in Him.
A view similar to what we have said is shared by the exegetes.
* Mention of who said that:
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj reported to me, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Jurayj, concerning His word رَبُّكُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِكُمْ إِنْ يَشَأْ يَرْحَمْكُمْ: he said: "That you believe." أَوْ إِنْ يَشَأْ يُعَذِّبْكُمْ: "So that you die upon polytheism as you are."
And His word وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكِيلًا (And We did not send you as a guardian over them) — He says to His Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ: We did not send you, O Muḥammad, to those to whom We sent you in order to call them to Our obedience as a lord and guardian over them. We sent you to them only to convey to them Our messages, and in Our hands lie their guidance and governance. If We will, We show them mercy; and if We will, We punish them.