Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:4
And We conveyed to the Children of Israel in the Scripture that, "You will surely cause corruption on the earth twice, and you will surely reach [a degree of] great haughtiness.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
He, exalted be His remembrance, says: "We made known to the Children of Israel in the Book" — that is to say: We informed them of this and brought it to their knowledge — لَتُفْسِدُنَّ فِي الأَرْضِ مَرَّتَيْنِ وَلَتَعْلُنَّ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا ("you shall surely work corruption on the earth twice, and you shall surely show great arrogance"). He says: You shall disobey Allah and transgress His command in His lands, twice; and you shall exalt yourselves against Allah through your insolence toward Him in a tremendous and great manner.
In accordance with what we have said concerning this, the scholars of exegesis also spoke.
Ibn Zayd said, as Yūnus informed us — he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning the word of Allah وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ: "We made it known to the Children of Israel."
ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning the word وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ: he said: "We made it known to them."
And others said: the meaning of this is "We decreed concerning the Children of Israel in the Mother of the Book and in His foreknowledge."
Those who said that are mentioned here:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ — he said: "That is a decree that had been issued concerning them."
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning the word وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ: "A decree that Allah issued concerning that people, as you hear it."
And others said: the meaning is "We informed."
Those who said that are mentioned here:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to us, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فِي الْكِتَابِ: he said: "We informed the Children of Israel."
All these statements agree in their meaning with what I have said concerning the meaning of وَقَضَيْنَا, even though the interpretation we have chosen is the most correct, given that the Qurʾān reciters unanimously read the word لَتُفْسِدُنَّ with the tāʾ (second person) rather than the yāʾ (third person). For if the meaning were "We decreed concerning them in the Book," then the yāʾ reading would be preferable to the tāʾ reading; but because the meaning is "We made known to them and said to them," the tāʾ is more fitting and preferable on account of the form of direct address.
The corruption of the Children of Israel on the earth the first time was as follows, as Hārūn related to us — he said: ʿAmr ibn Ḥammād related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī, in a report he traces back on the authority of Abū Ṣāliḥ and Abū Mālik, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, and on the authority of Murra, on the authority of ʿAbdullāh: Allah gave the Children of Israel in the Torah the decree لَتُفْسِدُنَّ فِي الأَرْضِ مَرَّتَيْنِ. The first corruption was the killing of Zakariyyāʾ. Then Allah sent against them the king of the Nabataeans, who was called Ṣaḥābīn. He sent his armies, and his cavalry consisted of Persians, people "of tremendous might." The Children of Israel fortified themselves, and Bukhtnāṣar went out among them as an orphan and a poor man, merely begging. He entered the city skillfully, mingled among their gatherings, and heard them saying: "If our enemy knew how deeply the fear because of our sins has struck into our hearts, he would not wish to fight us." When Bukhtnāṣar heard this, he left the city and urged the army to return. They returned, and that is the meaning of the word of Allah: فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُوا خِلَالَ الدِّيَارِ وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولاً ("So when the promise of the first of the two came, We sent against you servants of Ours possessing tremendous might; they ranged through the homes, and it was a promise to be fulfilled"). Thereafter the Children of Israel equipped themselves, advanced against the Nabataeans, gained victories over them, and recovered what had been in their possession. That is the meaning of the word of Allah: ثُمَّ رَدَدْنَا لَكُمُ الْكَرَّةَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَمْدَدْنَاكُمْ بِأَمْوَالٍ وَبَنِينَ وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ أَكْثَرَ نَفِيرًا — that is to say: in number.
Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said: "The corruption that they worked twice on the earth was: the killing of Zakariyyāʾ and the killing of Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ. Allah sent Sābūr Dhū al-Aktāf, a Persian king, against them as punishment for the killing of Zakariyyāʾ, and He sent Bukhtnāṣar against them as punishment for the killing of Yaḥyā."
ʿIṣām ibn Rawwād ibn al-Jarrāḥ related to us, he said: my father related to us, he said: Sufyān ibn Saʿīd al-Thawrī related to us, he said: Manṣūr ibn al-Muʿtamir related to me, on the authority of Rabʿī ibn Ḥirāsh, who said: I heard Ḥudhayfa ibn al-Yamān say: The Prophet ﷺ said: "When the Children of Israel transgressed the bounds, exalted themselves, and killed the prophets, Allah sent against them the Persian king Bukhtnāṣar — Allah had let him reign for seven hundred years. He marched against them and entered Bayt al-Maqdis. He besieged it and conquered it, and he killed seventy thousand people on account of the blood of Zakariyyāʾ. Then he led the inhabitants into captivity, including the sons of the prophets, and he plundered the ornaments of Bayt al-Maqdis. He took out of it one hundred and seventy thousand wagonloads of ornaments and brought them to Babel." Ḥudhayfa said: I asked: "O Prophet of Allah, was Bayt al-Maqdis then so exalted in Allah's sight?" He said: "Yes. Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd had built it of gold, pearls, rubies, and emeralds. The floor consisted alternately of gold and silver tiles, and the pillars were of gold. Allah had bestowed this upon him and made the devils subservient to him, who brought him these things in the blink of an eye. Bukhtnāṣar carried away all these goods to Babel. The Children of Israel remained one hundred years in his hands, tormented by the Magians and their sons — while among them there were prophets and sons of prophets. Then Allah had mercy on them and revealed to Kūrash, a believing king from Persia, that he should march to the remnant of the Children of Israel to liberate them. Kūrash returned with the Children of Israel and the ornaments of Bayt al-Maqdis and brought them back. The Children of Israel remained obedient to Allah for one hundred years, but then they returned to disobedience. Then Allah sent Abṭiyānḥūs against them, who marched with the descendants of those who had fought alongside Bukhtnāṣar. He conquered the Children of Israel as far as Bayt al-Maqdis, led the inhabitants into captivity, and burned Bayt al-Maqdis. He said to them: 'O Children of Israel, if you return to disobedience, we shall return with captivity.' They indeed returned to disobedience, and Allah sent against them the third captivity: the king of Rome, called Qāqis ibn Isbāyūs. He waged war against them by land and by sea, took them captive, plundered the ornaments of Bayt al-Maqdis, and burned Bayt al-Maqdis in flames." The Prophet ﷺ said: "This is among the fashioned ornaments of Bayt al-Maqdis. The Mahdī will bring them back to Bayt al-Maqdis — they are one thousand seven hundred ships that will lie at anchor at Jaffa until they are transported to Bayt al-Maqdis. Therein Allah will gather the first and the last."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, he said: Ibn Isḥāq related to me that — after Allah revealed to Mūsā what would come to pass and what the Children of Israel would do — the Children of Israel after him continued to commit sins while Allah treated them with mercy and kindness. Among the first calamities that Allah brought upon them was the following: there was a king among them named Ṣiddīqa. Whenever Allah appointed a king over them, He sent a prophet along with him to guide and correct him and to serve as an intermediary between him and Allah. No books came down upon the later prophets; they were charged only with upholding the Torah. When Ṣiddīqa was in power, Allah sent Shaʿyāʾ ibn Amṣyā with him — this was before the sending of Zakariyyāʾ, Yaḥyā, and ʿĪsā, and Shaʿyāʾ is the one who announced the coming of ʿĪsā and Muḥammad. Ṣiddīqa ruled the Children of Israel and Bayt al-Maqdis for a considerable time. When his reign drew to an end, the sins among them grew greater while the prophet Shaʿyāʾ was with them. Allah sent against them Sanhārīb, the king of Babel, with six hundred thousand banners. He marched against Bayt al-Maqdis. The king lay sick in bed on account of an ulcer in his leg. The prophet Shaʿyāʾ came to him and said: "O king of the Children of Israel, Sanhārīb, the king of Babel, has come against you with six hundred thousand banners. The people have become afraid and inclined to flight." This weighed heavily on the king. He said: "O prophet of Allah, has Allah sent you a revelation about what will come to pass, so that you can tell us how Allah will deal with us and with Sanhārīb and his armies?" The prophet answered: "No new revelation about your affair has come to me." While they were thus, Allah revealed to the prophet Shaʿyāʾ: "Go to the king of the Children of Israel and tell him to make his testament and to appoint as successor in his kingdom whomever he wishes of his family, for he is going to die." The prophet Shaʿyāʾ went to the king Ṣiddīqa and told him that. At this the king turned his face toward the qibla, prayed, praised Allah, beseeched Him, and wept. Weeping and humbling himself before Allah with a sincere heart, trust, patience, and sincerity, he said: "O Allah, Lord of lords and God of gods, Holy One of the holy, O Merciful, O Compassionate, Sympathetic and Tender, who is overtaken neither by drowsiness nor by sleep — remember my deeds, my actions, and my good governance over the Children of Israel; all of this came from You, and You know it better than I. My hidden and my manifest are with You." The Merciful answered him, for he was a righteous servant. Allah revealed to Shaʿyāʾ that he should inform the king that his Lord had answered his prayer, had accepted him, and had shown him mercy; Allah had seen his weeping, and his lifespan had been extended by fifteen years, and he was saved from his enemy Sanhārīb and his armies. The prophet Shaʿyāʾ brought the king this news. As soon as he heard this, the pain vanished and the grief and fear were lifted away. He fell into prostration (sujūd) and said: "O my God and God of my fathers, before You I prostrated and praised and glorified and worshipped You. You are the One who gives the kingship to whom You will and takes it away from whom You will; You give honor to whom You will and humble whom You will; Knower of the hidden and the visible; You are the First and the Last, the Outward and the Inward; You show mercy and answer the cry of those in distress; You were the One who accepted my supplication and had mercy on my abasement." When he raised his head, Allah revealed to Shaʿyāʾ that he should tell the king to send one of his slaves to a fig tree to fetch the fig sap and lay it on his ulcer, after which he would heal and be well the following morning. This was done and he healed. The king said to Shaʿyāʾ: "Ask your Lord to give us a sign of what He will do with our enemy." Allah said to the prophet Shaʿyāʾ: "Tell him: I have turned your enemy away from you and saved you from him; and they will all be dead by the next morning, except Sanhārīb and five of his scribes." When morning came, a caller called out at the gate of the city: "O king of the Children of Israel, Allah has sufficed you against your enemy; go out, for Sanhārīb and his men have perished." The king went out and searched for Sanhārīb among the dead, but he was not found. The king sent men to track him down. They found him with five of his scribes in a cave — one of them was Bukhtnāṣar. They were clapped in irons and brought before the king. When the king saw them, he fell into prostration (sujūd) from sunrise until the time of the ʿaṣr prayer. Then he said to Sanhārīb: "How do you judge the deed of our Lord toward you? Was it not He Himself who killed you by His power and might, while we and you were asleep?" Sanhārīb answered: "The reports about your Lord, His help to you, and His mercy upon you had already reached me before my departure from my land. Yet I did not obey the one who warned me. Nothing led me to my destruction but my lack of intelligence. Had I listened and reflected, I would never have attacked you. But misfortune overwhelmed me and those who were with me." The king of the Children of Israel said: "All praise be to Allah, the Lord of Majesty, who delivered us from you as He willed. Truly, our Lord has not let you and those with you live on because you stand in honor with Him; rather He has let you live on for something that is yet worse for you — that your wretchedness in the world may increase and your punishment in the hereafter, and that you may inform those after you about what you experienced of the deed of our Lord, and that you may warn those who come after you. Were it not so, Allah would not have let you live. For your blood and the blood of those with you are, in the eyes of Allah, of less account than the blood of a tick that one kills." Then the king commanded the commander of his bodyguard to clap the irons around their necks and to lead them about Bayt al-Maqdis — Īliyāʾ — for seventy days. Each man received daily two barley loaves. Sanhārīb said to the king: "Death is better than what we endure; do as you have been commanded." The king had them transferred to the prison of death. But Allah revealed to the prophet Shaʿyāʾ: "Tell the king of the Children of Israel to release Sanhārīb and his men, so that they may warn those after them; and let him honor them and transport them until they reach their land." The prophet Shaʿyāʾ conveyed this to the king, and so it was done. Sanhārīb and his men departed and returned to Babel. Upon their arrival Sanhārīb gathered the people and informed them how Allah had dealt with his armies. His soothsayers and sorcerers said to him: "O king of Babel, we had told you about their Lord, about their prophet, and about Allah's revelation to their prophet, but you did not obey us. This is a people whom no one can overcome so long as their Lord is with them." Thus the affair of Sanhārīb was a warning and a lesson. Sanhārīb lived seven years after that and died.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: After Sanhārīb died, Bukhtnāṣar, his grandson, appointed himself to carry on his work and to follow his decrees. He reigned seventeen years. Then Allah took to Himself the king of the Children of Israel, Ṣiddīqa. The affair of the Children of Israel fell into chaos; they vied with one another for the kingship until they killed one another. The prophet Shaʿyāʾ was with them, but they did not follow him and did not accept from him. At this Allah — as has been conveyed to us — said to Shaʿyāʾ: "Arise and prophesy for your people." When the prophet arose, Allah caused his tongue to utter revelation. He said: "O heaven, listen! O earth, be still! Allah wishes to tell the story of the Children of Israel whom He raised up great in His favor, chose for Himself, distinguished with His honor, and exalted above His creatures. But they are like stray sheep without a shepherd. He caught the runaways, gathered the wanderers, healed the broken, cured the sick, fattened the lean, and protected the fat. But when He did all this for them, they grew insolent: the rams butted one another and killed one another, until there was no whole bone left to which a broken bone could be joined. Woe to this sinful people! Woe to this people that does not know whence its destruction comes upon it! A camel sometimes remembers its birthplace and returns to it; a donkey sometimes remembers the post where it ate well and goes back to it; an ox sometimes remembers the pasture where it grew fat and returns. But this people does not know whence its destruction comes upon them, although they are people of intelligence and understanding — not cattle, not donkeys. I shall tell them a parable; let them listen: tell them — how do you judge a land that for a long time lay deserted and bare and dead without habitation? There was a wise and mighty owner of that land. He began to cultivate it, and it was hateful to him that his land should remain waste while he was mighty, or that it should be said that he neglected it while he was wise. He surrounded it with a wall, built a palace in it, dug a channel in it, and planted in it olive trees, pomegranates, date palms, and grapevines and all kinds of fruits. He entrusted all of this to a trustworthy, strong, and discerning keeper. He awaited the harvest. But when the crops came up, they brought forth weeds." They said: "Wicked land! We judge that its walls and palace should be demolished, its channel filled in, its keeper dismissed, and its plantings burned, until it returns to its first state of desolation." Allah said to them: "The wall is My protection, the palace is My law, the channel is My Book, the keeper is My prophet, the plantings are they, and the weeds that the plantings brought forth are their evil deeds. I have judged concerning them the same as they judged concerning themselves." Furthermore, this is a parable that Allah struck for them. They seek to draw near to Me by slaughtering cattle and sheep — but the flesh does not reach Me and I do not eat. They claim to draw near by piety and by abstaining from killing the souls that I have forbidden, while their hands are stained with it and their garments are covered with their blood. They build for Me houses as mosques and purify their interiors, but pollute and defile their hearts and bodies. They beautify and adorn for Me the buildings and mosques, but ruin and corrupt their reason and understanding. What need have I of buildings if I do not dwell in them? What need have I of adorned mosques if I do not enter them? I commanded them only to be raised up so that My name might be remembered and praised therein, and that they might be a landmark for whoever wishes to pray there. They say: 'Had Allah had the power to restore our unity, He would have done so; had Allah had the power to illumine our hearts, He would have done so.' Take, then, two dry sticks, go to them at the moment when they are most assembled, and say to the two sticks: 'Allah commands you to become one stick.' As soon as he said this, they intertwined and became one. Allah said: 'Tell them: I was able to unite dry sticks and bring them together. How then should I not be able to restore their unity if I will it? And how then should I not be able to illumine their hearts, while I am the One who formed them?' They say: 'We fasted but our fasting was not accepted; we prayed but our prayer was not granted; we gave alms but our alms were not purified; we cried out with the cooing of doves and wept with the howling of wolves — yet in all of this we are not heard and not answered.' Allah said: 'Ask them what prevents Me from answering them. Am I not the best of hearers in hearing? Am I not the best of seers in seeing? Am I not the nearest of those who answer? Am I not the most merciful of the merciful? Is it because My possession falls short? — while My hands are open with good and I give as I will, and the keys of the storehouses are with Me and none opens them or shuts them but I. Furthermore: My mercy encompasses all things; the merciful among mankind are merciful only through its abundance. Or is it because miserliness governs Me? — Am I not the noblest of the noble, the Opener of good, the most generous of those who give, the noblest of those who are asked? If this people would use the reason with which I illumined their hearts but which they cast away and sold for the world, then they would see whence they came and then they would realize that their own soul is their greatest enemy. How then shall I accept their fasting while they defile it with lying words and strengthen themselves through it with forbidden (ḥarām) food? How shall I make light their prayer while their hearts are directed toward the one who wages war against Me and violates My limits? How shall their alms be pure before Me while they consist of giving goods that belong to others, or goods of which their owners have been robbed by force? How shall I answer their supplication while it is only words of their tongues and the deed is far off? I answer only the gentle one who prays; I hear only the voice of the weak poor. The sign of My contentment is the contentment of the poor. Had they shown mercy to the poor, brought the weak nearer, done justice to the oppressed, helped the robbed, spoken justice for the absent and for the widow, and given to the orphan, the poor, and every rightful claimant his right — then, if there were cause for Me to address people, I would have addressed them and been the light of their eyes and the hearing of their ears and the understanding of their hearts; then I would have supported their foundations and been the strength of their hands and feet and made firm their tongues and reason.' They say — when they heard His words and His messages reached them — that they are merely transmitted utterances and handed-down tales, composed like what sorcerers and soothsayers compose; they claim that if they wished they could come with a comparable word, and that through what the devils whisper to them they could disclose the hidden — while they conceal all this from one another. They know that I know the hidden of the heavens and the earth, and that I know what they make manifest and what they conceal. Truly, on the day I created the heavens and the earth, I made a decision which I imposed upon Myself, with an appointed term thereafter which will surely come to pass. If they truly knew what they claim to know about the hidden, let them inform you when I shall carry this out, or at what time it shall be. And if they are able to say what they wish, let them come with something equal to the power with which I have carried out this decree. For I shall make this prevail over all religions, however much the polytheists (mushrikīn) loathe it. And if they are able to say what they wish, let them compose something equal to the wisdom with which I have ordered the arrangement of that decree — if they are truthful. For on the day I created the heavens and the earth, I decided to place the prophethood among the day-laborers, to transfer the kingship to the shepherds, to give honor to the abased, strength to the weak, wealth to the poor, prosperity to the few, cities in the plains, woodlands in the deserts, reeds in the fields, knowledge among the ignorant, and wisdom among the illiterate. Ask them when this shall be, who shall carry it out, by whose hand I shall hasten it, and who shall be the helpers and supporters of this affair — if they know. For I am going to send before all this a prophet who is unlettered: no blind one among the blind, no straying one among the straying; not coarse, not harsh, not shouting in the markets, not bathing in filth and no utterer of obscenity. I shall direct him toward all that is beautiful; I shall grant him every noble quality. I make tranquility his garment, good deeds his emblem, piety his inner being, wisdom his understanding, truthfulness and the keeping of his word his nature, pardon and goodness his character, justice and beneficence his conduct, the truth his law, right guidance his imam, and Islām his religion. Aḥmad is his name. Through him I guide after error, teach after ignorance, raise up after obscurity, make known after anonymity, multiply after scarcity, enrich after poverty, unite after division. Through him I bring together scattered hearts, divergent desires, and divided communities. I make his people the best people ever brought forth for mankind: they enjoin good and forbid evil, purely out of devotion to Me, faith, and sincerity. They pray to Me standing and sitting, bowing and prostrating. They struggle in My path in ranks and armies, and leave their homes and possessions seeking My contentment. I inspire in them the takbīr, the tahlīl, the tasbīḥ, the taḥmīd, the laudation, and the glorification of Me in their mosques, their gatherings, their sleeping places, their journeys, and their dwelling places. They utter the takbīr and the tahlīl and sanctify Me at the heads of the markets. They cleanse for Me their faces and limbs and tie up their garments to the half. Their sacrifice is their blood, and their gospels are within their breasts. Monks by night, lions by day. This is My favor which I give to whom I will; I am the Possessor of the immense favor." When the prophet Shaʿyāʾ had completed his address to them, they came at him to kill him, as has been conveyed to us. He fled from them. A tree opened for him and he entered into it. The devil overtook him and seized a hem of his garment and showed it to them. They placed a saw into the middle of the tree and sawed it in two, sawing him in two as well.
Abū Jaʿfar said: According to the interpretation of Ibn ʿAbbās — via the transmission of al-Suddī — and the interpretation of Ibn Zayd, the first corruption of the Children of Israel on the earth consisted of the killing of Zakariyyāʾ, the prophet of Allah ﷺ, together with what had befallen them before and after that, until Allah sent against them one who carried out His vengeance upon them on account of their disobedience to Allah and their rebellion against their Lord. But according to the interpretation of Ibn Isḥāq which we have transmitted, their first corruption consisted of the killing of Shaʿyāʾ ibn Amṣyā, the prophet of Allah. Ibn Isḥāq mentioned that some scholars had informed him that Zakariyyāʾ died a natural death and was not killed, and that the one killed was only Shaʿyāʾ, and that it was Bukhtnāṣar whom Allah sent against the Children of Israel the first time after the killing of Shaʿyāʾ. This was conveyed to us by Ibn Ḥumayd, on the authority of Salama, on his authority.
As for their second corruption on the earth: concerning this there is no disagreement among the scholars that it was the killing of Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ. But they differed concerning whom Allah sent against them as His instrument of vengeance upon them at that time, and I shall mention their disagreement concerning this if Allah wills.
As for the word وَلَتَعْلُنَّ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا: we have cited the interpretation of the one who said that what is meant by it is their self-exaltation against Allah through their insolence and their transgression of His command.
Mujāhid used to say concerning this the following, as Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to us — he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: وَلَتَعْلُنَّ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا — "you shall dominate the people with a tremendous arrogance."
Al-Ḥārith related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: the same.