Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:31
And do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and for you. Indeed, their killing is ever a great sin.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah the Exalted says — and the position of 'taqtulū' (you kill) is the accusative as being attached to 'allā taʿbudū' (that you worship not) — وَقَضَى رَبُّكَ O Muḥammad أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا إِيَّاهُ وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا : وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ .
By His word خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ He means: fear of poverty and need. We have already explained this with its proofs in what preceded, and mentioned the narration about it. Allah, exalted be His praise, said this to the Arabs, for they used to kill their female offspring out of fear of poverty on account of providing for them.
As Bishr related to us — he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — concerning His word وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ : 'That is to say: fear of poverty (al-fāqa). The people of the pre-Islamic age (al-jāhiliyya) used to kill their children out of fear of poverty; Allah dissuaded them from this and informed them that the provision of them and of their children belongs to Allah, and said: نَحْنُ نَرْزُقُهُمْ وَإِيَّاكُمْ إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خِطْئًا كَبِيرًا .'
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us — he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda — خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ : 'They used to kill the daughters.'
Al-Qāsim related to us — he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj informed me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj — he said: Mujāhid said: وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ : 'Poverty and need (al-fāqa wa-l-faqr).'
ʿAlī related to me — he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya informed me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His word خَشْيَةَ إِمْلَاقٍ : 'He says: poverty (al-faqr).'
As for His word إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خِطْئًا كَبِيرًا , the Qurʾān reciters differ over its reading. The majority of the reciters of Medina and Iraq read إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خِطْئًا كَبِيرًا with kasra of the khāʾ and sukūn of the ṭāʾ; when it is read thus, it admits of two interpretive possibilities. The first: it is a noun derived from the speaker's saying: 'khaṭi'tu fa-anā akhṭaʾu' in the sense of: I sinned and committed a fault. It is reported from the Arabs: khaṭi'tu — when you sin deliberately; and akhṭaʾtu — when the fault came out from you by mistake without your intent for it. The second: it may carry the meaning of khaṭaʾ with fatḥa of the khāʾ and the ṭāʾ, whereby the khāʾ is given kasra and the ṭāʾ is given sukūn, as one says: qitb and qatab, and ḥidhar, and najas and najas. Al-khitʾ with kasra is a noun; and al-khaṭaʾ with fatḥa of khāʾ and ṭāʾ is a masdar (verbal noun) of the saying khaṭi'a al-rajul; it may also be a noun of the saying akhṭaʾa; its masdar is al-ikhṭāʾ. It has also been said: khaṭi'a in the meaning of akhṭaʾa, as the poet said:
'Yā lahfa Hindi idh khaṭi'na kāhilā' —
in the meaning: they missed (akhṭaʾna). Some reciters of Medina read: إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خَطَأً with fatḥa of khāʾ and ṭāʾ, shortened, on the basis that it is a noun of the saying: akhṭaʾa fulān khaṭaʾan. Some reciters of Mecca read: إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خَطَاءً with fatḥa of khāʾ and ṭāʾ and lengthening of al-khaṭāʾ, in a meaning close to the reading khataʾan with fatḥa of khāʾ and ṭāʾ, but differing from it in the lengthening of the word.
The majority of the Arabic philologists of Kufa and some of the Baṣrans regarded al-khitʾ and al-khaṭaʾ as synonymous; but some of them claimed that al-khiṭʾ with kasra of the khāʾ and sukūn of the ṭāʾ is more frequent in recitation, and that al-khaṭaʾ with fatḥa of the khāʾ and the ṭāʾ is more current in the ordinary speech of people, and that he had not heard al-khitʾ with kasra of the khāʾ and sukūn of the ṭāʾ in their colloquial speech and poems, except in a verse cited by a poet:
'Al-khitʾu fāḥishatun wa-l-birru nāfilatun — ka-ʿajwatin ghurisa fī l-arḍi tuʾtabaru' —
The difference between al-khiṭʾ with kasra of the khāʾ and sukūn of the ṭāʾ, and with fatḥa of both, has already been mentioned.
The most correct reading in our judgement is the reading of the reciters of Iraq and the majority of the Ḥijāz, because of the consensus of the authority of the reciters upon it and the singularity of what deviates from it. The meaning is: it was a crime and a sin, not a mistake (khaṭaʾ), for they killed them deliberately and not by mistake; and because of their deliberate intent in that, their Lord rebuked them and commanded them to abandon it.
Thus also the exegetes said what we have said.
Those who said this are the following:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me — he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me — he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us; both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid — خِطْئًا كَبِيرًا : 'That is to say: a sin (khaṭīʾa).'
Al-Qāsim related to us — he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj informed me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — إِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ كَانَ خِطْئًا كَبِيرًا : 'A sin (khaṭīʾa).' Ibn Jurayj said: Ibn ʿAbbās said: 'khiṭʾan — that is to say: a sin (khaṭīʾa).'