Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:24
And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say, "My Lord, have mercy upon them as they brought me up [when I was] small."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted be His mention, says: Be humble toward them both, out of compassion for them — obey them in what they command you insofar as it does not entail disobedience to Allah, and do not oppose them in what they desire.
And in the same way as we have explained this, the interpreters of the Qurʾān spoke.
Mention of those who said that:
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, concerning His word وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ (And lower to them the wing of humility out of compassion): he said: withhold yourself from nothing that they desire.
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Al-Ashjaʿī related to us, saying: I heard Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, concerning His word وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ: he said: it means that you be gentle toward them, so that you withhold yourself from nothing that they desire.
Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam related to me, saying: Ayyūb ibn Suwayd related to us, saying: Al-Thawrī related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, concerning His word وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ: he said: withhold yourself from nothing that they desire.
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mukhtār, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, concerning His word وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ: he said: it means that you withhold yourself from nothing that they desire.
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Al-Muqriʾ Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, on the authority of Ḥarmala ibn ʿImrān, on the authority of Abū al-Hajjāj: he said: I asked Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyib: what does وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ mean? He said: it is like the word of the sinning slave (ʿabd) to the stern, harsh master. And "al-dhull" with ḍamma of the dhāl and "al-dhilla" are both maṣdar-forms of al-dhalīl (the one held in low esteem). That is to say that he humbles himself, though by nature he is not so — from the saying: "I have humbled myself for you" — as opposed to al-dhull with kasra of the dhāl and without hāʾ, which is the maṣdar of al-dhalūl (the willing, the tamed), as in: a mount that is dhalūl: openly dhalīl, when it is gentle and not unmanageable.
To this also pertains the word of Allah, exalted be His praise: هُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ ذَلُولًا (He is the One who made the earth submissive for you), with the plural dhulul, as Allah, exalted be His praise, says: فَاسْلُكِي سُبُلَ رَبِّكِ ذُلُلًا (Then travel the ways of your Lord, submissively). Mujāhid explained this as: there is no terrain that is difficult for her to traverse when she enters it.
The Qurʾān reciters differed among themselves over the reading of this. The majority of the reciters of the Ḥijāz, Iraq, and Shām read وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ with ḍamma of the dhāl, as the maṣdar of al-dhalīl. Saʿīd ibn Jubayr and ʿĀṣim al-Jaḥdarī, however, read it as جَنَاحَ الذِّلِّ with kasra of the dhāl.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Bahz ibn Asad related to us, saying: Abū ʿAwāna related to us, on the authority of Abū Bishr, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, that he read وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذِّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ with kasra — he said: be toward them both al-dhalīl (the one held in low esteem), but do not be al-dhalūl (the willing slave).
Naṣr ibn ʿAlī related to us, saying: ʿUmar ibn Shaqīq informed me, saying: I heard ʿĀṣim al-Jaḥdarī reciting وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذِّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ with kasra — he said: be toward them both al-dhalīl, but do not be al-dhalūl.
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿUmar ibn Shaqīq related to us, on the authority of ʿĀṣim — the same.
Abū Jaʿfar said: And according to the explanation that ʿĀṣim gave, one would expect that his reading would be with ḍamma and not with kasra — and with kasra also.
Naṣr and Ibn Bashshār related to us; and it was related to me via al-Farrāʾ, who said: Hushaym related to me, on the authority of Abū Bishr Jaʿfar ibn Iyās, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, that he read وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذِّلِّ — al-Farrāʾ said: and al-Ḥakam ibn Ẓuhayr informed me, on the authority of ʿĀṣim ibn Abī al-Najūd, that he too read it as al-dhilla; so I asked Abū Bakr and he said: ʿĀṣim read it as al-dhilla.
As for His word وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانِي صَغِيرًا (And say: My Lord, have mercy upon them both as they raised me when I was small): this means, supplicate to Allah for your parents for mercy and say: Lord, have mercy upon them both and grant them Your forgiveness and mercy, as they had mercy upon me in my childhood, loved me, and raised me until I could stand on my own and no longer had need of them.
As Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانِي صَغِيرًا: thus you have been taught, and thus you have been commanded — observe the teaching and the norms of Allah. It has been transmitted to us that the Prophet of Allah ﷺ went out one day with his hands outstretched and his voice raised, and said: "Whoever finds his parents, or one of the two, still alive, and then thereafter still enters the Fire (al-nār), may Allah keep him far off and condemn him." But it was understood thus: that whoever was good to his parents and had some fear of God in him, this would lead him to great good.
A group of scholars (ʿulamāʾ) held the view that the word of Allah, exalted be His praise, وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانِي صَغِيرًا is abrogated (mansūkh) by His word مَا كَانَ لِلنَّبِيِّ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَن يَسْتَغْفِرُوا لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ وَلَوْ كَانُوا أُولِي قُرْبَىٰ مِن بَعْدِ مَا تَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ أَصْحَابُ الْجَحِيمِ (It is not for the Prophet ﷺ and the believers to seek forgiveness for the polytheists (mushrikīn), even though they be close relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are the inhabitants of Hell).
Mention of those who said that:
ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانِي صَغِيرًا: then Allah, mighty and great, sent down مَا كَانَ لِلنَّبِيِّ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَن يَسْتَغْفِرُوا لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ وَلَوْ كَانُوا أُولِي قُرْبَىٰ.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Yaḥyā ibn Wāḍiḥ related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, on the authority of Yazīd, on the authority of ʿIkrima: he said concerning the sūra of the Banū Isrāʾīl إِمَّا يَبْلُغَنَّ عِندَكَ الْكِبَرَ أَحَدُهُمَا أَوْ كِلَاهُمَا ... up to His word وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانِي صَغِيرًا: the verse in the sūra Barāʾa (Tawba) abrogated this: مَا كَانَ لِلنَّبِيِّ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَن يَسْتَغْفِرُوا لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ وَلَوْ كَانُوا أُولِي قُرْبَىٰ ... the verse.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, saying: Ibn Jurayj said: Ibn ʿAbbās said concerning وَقُل رَّبِّي ارْحَمْهُمَا ... the verse: he said: the verse in Barāʾa abrogated it: مَا كَانَ لِلنَّبِيِّ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَن يَسْتَغْفِرُوا لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ ... the verse.
This verse, however, also admits the possibility that, even though the wording has a general character with respect to all parents, it is nonetheless specifically intended without there being any abrogation — namely that the meaning is: say: Lord, have mercy upon them both if they are believers, as they raised me when I was small. Then the verse would be understood in its specific meaning as we have said, without anything of it being abrogated. And by His word "rabbayānī" (they raised me) He means: they made me grow up.