Tabari

Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:13

وَكُلَّ إِنسَٰنٍ أَلْزَمْنَٰهُ طَٰٓئِرَهُۥ فِى عُنُقِهِۦ ۖ وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُۥ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَٰمَةِ كِتَٰبًۭا يَلْقَىٰهُ مَنشُورًا

And [for] every person We have imposed his fate upon his neck, and We will produce for him on the Day of Resurrection a record which he will encounter spread open.

Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.

Tabari (1 passage)

  1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

    Allah the Exalted says: To every human being We have hung around his neck what is destined for him — his lot upon the road toward felicity or misery through his deeds; it does not depart from him. The word of Allah أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ (We have hung his omen upon his neck) is a metaphor drawn from what the Arabs regarded as an omen or ill-omen on the basis of birds that passed by from the right or the left. Allah the Exalted informs them that He has hung upon every human being his "bird" around his neck — either an unlucky omen of misfortune that brings him to the blazing Fire, or a fortunate omen of felicity that brings him to the gardens of ʿAdn.

    In agreement with what we have said, the exegetes spoke.

    * Mention of who said that:

    Muhammad ibn Bashshār related to me, saying: Muʿādh ibn Hishām related to us, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Jābir ibn ʿAbd Allāh, that the Prophet of Allah ﷺ said: "There is no contagion and no omens, and to every human being We have hung his omen around his neck."

    Muhammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (To every human being We have hung his omen around his neck): "The bird is his deed." And he said: "The bird crops up in many things; among them is the ill-omen that people feel toward one another."

    Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Hajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, saying: ʿAtāʾ al-Khurāsānī informed me, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (To every human being We have hung his omen around his neck): "His deed and what is destined for him — that clings to him, wherever he is; it travels with him wherever he travels." Ibn Jurayj said: "His omen is his deed." Ibn Jurayj also said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Kathīr informed me, on the authority of Mujāhid: "His deed and what Allah has written for him."

    Muhammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀsim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; al-Hārith related to me, saying: al-Hasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid: "His omen: his deed."

    Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us; and Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Hakkām related to us, on the authority of ʿAmr — both on the authority of Mansūr, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (To every human being We have hung his omen around his neck): "His deed."

    Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Mansūr, on the authority of Mujāhid: likewise.

    Wāsil ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to me, saying: Ibn Fudayl related to us, on the authority of al-Hasan ibn ʿAmr al-Fuqaymī, on the authority of al-Hakam, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (To every human being We have hung his omen around his neck): "No child is born but that around his neck hangs a leaf upon which is written: wretched or happy." And he also said: "I heard him say: 'Those will receive their portion of the Book' — that is what has already been decreed."

    Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (To every human being We have hung his omen around his neck): "Yes, by Allah — with his felicity and his misfortune, through his deed."

    Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: "His omen: his deed."

    Now if someone asks: how could Allah say "We have hung it around his neck" and not "around his hands and feet or around some other limb"? The answer: because the neck is the place for marks, for collars and necklaces, and for all that adorns or disfigures. The usage of the Arabs is to attach to the neck the things that cling to the children of men — they use this so frequently that they assign to the necks things that adhere to the whole body, just as they attribute to the hand the offenses of all the limbs and say: "that is for what his hands have earned" — even though it is his tongue or his private parts that caused the evil. So too is His word أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (We have hung his omen upon his neck).

    The Qurʾān reciters differed over the reading of وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا (and We bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book that he finds spread open). Some reciters of Medina and Mecca — namely Nāfiʿ and Ibn Kathīr — and most of the reciters of Iraq read وَنُخْرِجُ (and We bring forth) with a nūn, and يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا (which he finds, spread open) with an open yā and an unaugmented qāf, with the meaning: "and We — bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection" — as the counterpart of أَلْزَمْنَاهُ (We have hung). Some reciters of Syria agreed with this reading of وَنُخْرِجُ but diverged regarding يَلْقَاهُ by reading وَيُلَقَّاهُ with a closed yā and an augmented qāf, with the meaning: "and We bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book that he encounters" — so it is rendered in the passive form: "the human being is confronted with that spread-open book."

    It was transmitted from Mujāhid, in what Ahmad ibn Yūsuf related to us, saying: al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, on the authority of Jarīr ibn Hāzim, on the authority of Humayd, on the authority of Mujāhid, that he read: وَيَخْرُجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ القِيَامَةِ كِتَابا (and there comes forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book). Yazīd said: "That is to say: the omen comes forth as a book" — thus I think he read it, with an open yā, and this is the reading of al-Hasan al-Basrī and Ibn Muhaysin. It appears that those who read it thus understood the sense to be: "the omen that We have hung around the neck of the human being comes forth on the Day of Resurrection as a book that he reads spread open." Some reciters of Medina read وَيُخْرَجُ لَهُ (and there is brought forth for him) with a closed yā in the passive form — as though they understood the sense to be: "the omen comes forth for him on the Day of Resurrection as a book," that is, Allah brings forth that omen after He has made it into a book, but as a passive construction.

    The most preferable reading, in my judgment, is that of those who read وَنُخْرِجُ with a nūn, and لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا with an open yā and an unaugmented qāf — because the preceding account ran concerning Allah and that it is He who has hung upon His creatures what He has hung; it is then correct that what follows is also an account concerning Him, namely that it is He who brings it forth for them on the Day of Resurrection. It ought to be with the nūn, just as the account before it was with the nūn. As for يَلْقَاهُ — in the unanimity of the Qurʾān reciters over the soundness of the reading that we have chosen, and the rarity of the divergent readings, there lies the conclusive proof for us — despite the kinship of the meanings, namely the closed and the open yā and the heavy and the light qāf therein.

    Now once it is established that the most preferable reading is the one we have demonstrated, then the sense of the passage is: Every human being among you, O sons of men, We have hung around his neck his misfortune and his felicity — his misery and his bliss, on the basis of what We have in Our knowledge decreed that he is journeying toward, and what he will perform of good and evil. He goes no further in any deed than what We have destined for him to perform, and what We have written for him that he is journeying toward. And We bring forth for him, when he reaches Us, a book that he finds spread open, with his works that he performed in the worldly life, and with the omen that We have written for him and hung around his neck — for which his Lord has precisely recorded therein everything that passed in the worldly life.

    In agreement with what we have said, the exegetes spoke.

    * Mention of who said that:

    Muhammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا (and We bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book that he finds spread open): "That is the deed that he performed; it was recorded for him, and on the Day of Resurrection there is brought forth for him spread open what was written concerning him of works."

    Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا (and We bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book that he finds spread open): "that is to say: his deed."

    Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Abū Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ (We have hung his omen upon his neck): "his deed." وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ (and We bring forth for him): "We bring forth that deed." كِتَابا يَلقاهُ مَنْشُورًا (a book that he finds spread open). Maʿmar said: "Al-Hasan recited: 'On the right and on the left there sits a watcher' (50:17) — O son of man, your scroll is spread open, two noble angels have been appointed over you, one at your right hand and one at your left hand. The one at your right hand records your good deeds, and the one at your left hand records your evil deeds. Do what you will — little or much — until you die; then your scroll is rolled up and placed around your neck with you in your grave, until on the Day of Resurrection you come forth as a book that you find spread open: 'Read your book; today you yourself suffice as a reckoner against yourself' (17:14). By Allah, justly has He acted who has made you your own reckoner."

    Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: "His omen: his deed. And for him there is brought forth, on the basis of that deed, a book that he finds spread open."

    Some philologists understood His word وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ as: his share — according to the usage "the lot of so-and-so flew out with such-and-such" when his arrow landed on a particular share in the division. This is indeed a reading with support, but the interpretation of the exegetes is as I have set forth, and it is not permissible in the interpretation of the Qurʾān to go beyond what they have said. Moreover: if the one who said this meant "his share of deed and of misery and of bliss," then the meaning of his words does not diverge far from their interpretation.

    Show original Arabic
    يقول تعالى ذكره: وكلّ إنسان ألزمناه ما قضى له أنه عامله، وهو صائر إليه من شقاء أو سعادة بعمله في عنقه لا يفارقه، وإنما قوله (ألْزَمْناهُ طائِرَهُ) مثل لما كانت العرب تتفاءل به أو تتشاءم من سوانح الطير وبوارحها، فأعلمهم جلّ ثناؤه أن كلّ إنسان منهم قد ألزمه ربه طائره في عنقه نحسا كان ذلك الذي ألزمه من الطائر، وشقاء يورده سعيرا، أو كان سعدا يورده جنات عدن. وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك، قال أهل التأويل. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني محمد بن بشار ، قال: ثنا معاذ بن هشام، قال: ثني أبي، عن قتادة، عن جابر بن عبد الله أن نبيّ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: " لا عَدْوَى وَلا طِيَرةَ وكُلَّ إنْسانٍ ألْزَمْناهُ طائِرَه فِي عُنُقِهِ". حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثنى أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) قال: الطائر: عمله، قال: والطائر في أشياء كثيرة، فمنه التشاؤم الذي يتشاءم به الناس بعضهم من بعض. حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج ، عن ابن جريج، قال: أخبرني عطاء الخراساني عن ابن عباس، قوله ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) قال: عمله وما قدر عليه، فهو ملازمه أينما كان، فزائل معه أينما زال. قال ابن جريج: وقال : طائره: عمله، قال: ابن جريج: وأخبرني عبد الله بن كثير، عن مجاهد، قال: عمله وما كتب الله له. حدثني محمد بن عمرو، قال: ثنا أبو عاصم، قال: ثنا عيسى؛ وحدثني الحرث، قال: ثنا الحسن، قال: ثنا ورقاء جميعا عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: طائره: عمله. حدثنا ابن بشار، قال: ثنا عبد الرحمن، قال: ثنا سفيان؛ وحدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا حكام، عن عمرو جميعا عن منصور، عن مجاهد ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) قال: عمله. حدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا جرير، عن منصور، عن مجاهد، مثله. حدثني واصل بن عبد الأعلى ، قال: ثنا ابن فضيل، عن الحسن بن عمرو الفقيمي، عن الحكم، عن مجاهد، في قوله ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) قال: ما من مولود يولد إلا وفي عنقه ورقة مكتوب فيها شقيّ أو سعيد. قال: وسمعته يقول: أولئك ينالهم نصيبهم من الكتاب، قال: هو ما سبق. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) : إي والله بسعادته وشقائه بعمله. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا محمد بن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة: طائره: عمله. فإن قال قائل: وكيف قال: ألزمناه طائره في عنقه إن كان الأمر على ما وصفت، ولم يقل: ألزمناه في يديه ورجليه أو غير ذلك من أعضاء الجسد؟ قيل: لأن العنق هو موضع السمات، وموضع القلائد والأطوقة، وغير ذلك مما يزين أو يشين، فجرى كلام العرب بنسبة الأشياء اللازمة بني آدم وغيرهم من ذلك إلى أعناقهم وكثر استعمالهم ذلك حتى أضافوا الأشياء اللازمة سائر الأبدان إلى الأعناق، كما أضافوا جنايات أعضاء الأبدان إلى اليد، فقالوا: ذلك بما كسبت يداه، وإن كان الذي جرّ عليه لسانه أو فرجه، فكذلك قوله ( أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ). واختلفت القرّاء في قراءة قوله ( وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا ) فقرأه بعض أهل المدينة ومكة، وهو نافع وابن كثير وعامة قرّاء العراق (ونُخْرِجُ) بالنون ( لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا ) بفتح الياء من يَلْقاه وتخفيف القاف منه، بمعنى: ونخرج له نحن يوم القيامة ردّا على قوله (ألْزَمْناهُ)، ونحن نخرج له يوم القيامة كتاب عمله منشورا، وكان بعض قرّاء أهل الشام يوافق هؤلاء على قراءة قوله (ونُخْرِجُ) ويخالفهم في قوله (يَلْقاهُ) فيقرؤه (ويُلَقَّاهُ) بضم الياء وتشديد القاف، بمعنى: ونخرج له نحن يوم القيامة كتابا يلقاه، ثم يردّه إلى ما لم يسمّ فاعله، فيقول: يلقى الإنسان ذلك الكتاب منشورا. وذُكر عن مجاهد ما حدثنا أحمد بن يوسف، قال: ثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا يزيد، عن جرير بن حازم عن حميد، عن مجاهد أنه قرأها(وَيخْرَجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ القِيامَةِ كِتابا) قال: يزيد: يعني يخرج الطائر كتابا، هكذا أحسبه قرأها بفتح الياء، وهي قراءة الحسن البصري وابن محيصن؛ وكأن من قرأ هذه القراءة وجَّه تأويل الكلام إلى: ويخرج له الطائر الذي ألزمناه عنق الإنسان يوم القيامة، فيصير كتابا يقرؤه منشورا. وقرأ ذلك بعض أهل المدينة: (ويُخرَجُ لَهُ) بضم الياء على مذهب ما لم يسمّ فاعله، وكأنه وجَّه معنى الكلام إلى ويخرج له الطائر يوم القيامة كتابا، يريد: ويخرج الله ذلك الطائر قد صيره كتابا، إلا أنه نحاه نحو ما لم يسمّ فاعله. وأولى القراءات في ذلك بالصواب، قراءة من قرأه (ونُخْرِجُ) بالنون وضمها( لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا ) بفتح الياء وتخفيف القاف، لأن الخبر جرى قبل ذلك عن الله تعالى أنه الذي ألزم خلقه ما ألزم من ذلك؛ فالصواب أن يكون الذي يليه خبرا عنه، أنه هو الذي يخرجه لهم يوم القيامة، أن يكون بالنون كما كان الخبر الذي قبله بالنون، وأما قوله (يَلقاهُ) فإنّ في إجماع الحجة من القرّاء على تصويب ما اخترنا من القراءة في ذلك، وشذوذ ما خالفه الحجة الكافية لنا على تقارب معنى القراءتين: أعني ضمّ الياء وفتحها في ذلك، وتشديد القاف وتخفيفها فيه؛ فإذا كان الصواب في القراءة هو ما اخترنا بالذي عليه دللنا، فتأويل الكلام: وكلّ إنسان منكم يا معشر بني آدم، ألزمناه نحسه وسعد، وشقاءه وسعادته، بما سبق له في علمنا أنه صائر إليه، وعامل من الخير والشرّ في عنقه، فلا يجاوز في شيء من أعماله ما قضينا عليه أنه عامله ، وما كتبنا له أنه صائر إليه، ونحن نخرج له إذا وافانا كتابا يصادفه منشورا بأعماله التي عملها في الدنيا، وبطائره الذي كتبنا له، وألزمناه إياه في عنقه، قد أحصى عليه ربه فيه كلّ ما سلف في الدنيا. وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك، قال أهل التأويل. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس، ( وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا ) قال: هو عمله الذي عمل أحصي عليه، فأخرج له يوم القيامة ما كتب عليه من العمل يلقاه منشورا. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة ( وَنُخْرِجُ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كِتَابًا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْشُورًا ) : أي عمله. حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثنا أبو سفيان، عن معمر ، عن قتادة ( أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ) قال: عمله (ونُخْرِجُ لَهُ) قال : نخرج ذلك العمل (كِتابا يَلقاهُ مَنْشُورًا) قال معمر: وتلا الحسن عَنِ الْيَمِينِ وَعَنِ الشِّمَالِ قَعِيدٌ يا ابن آدم بسطت لك صحيفتك، ووكل بك ملَكان كريمان، أحدهما عن يمينك، والآخر عن يسارك. فأما الذي عن يمينك فيحفظ حسناتك، وأما الذي عن شمالك فيحفظ سيئاتك، فاعمل ما شئت، أقلل أو أكثر، حتى إذا متّ طُويت صحيفتك، فجعلت في عنقك معك في قبرك، حتى تخرج يوم القيامة كتابا يلقاه منشورا اقْرَأْ كِتَابَكَ كَفَى بِنَفْسِكَ الْيَوْمَ عَلَيْكَ حَسِيبًا قد عدل والله عليك من جعلك حسيب نفسك. حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا محمد بن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة: طائره: عمله، ونخرج له بذلك العمل كتابا يلقاه منشورا. وقد كان بعض أهل العربية يتأوّل قوله ( وَكُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ أَلْزَمْنَاهُ طَائِرَهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ ): أي حظه من قولهم: طار سهم فلان بكذا: إذا خرج سهمه على نصيب من الأنصباء، وذلك وإن كان قولا له وجه، فإن تأويل أهل التأويل على ما قد بينت، وغير جائز أن يتجاوز في تأويل القرآن ما قالوه إلى غيره، على أن ما قاله هذا القائل، إن كان عنى بقوله حظه من العمل والشقاء والسعادة، فلم يبعد معنى قوله من معنى قولهم.