Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:110
Say, "Call upon Allah or call upon the Most Merciful. Whichever [name] you call - to Him belong the best names." And do not recite [too] loudly in your prayer or [too] quietly but seek between that an [intermediate] way.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah the Exalted says to His Prophet: "Say, O Muhammad, to the polytheists of your people who reject the invocation of the Merciful (al-Rahmān): ادْعُوا اللَّهَ (call upon Allah), O people, أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَنَ أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى (or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name of the names of the Exalted you call upon your Lord, you are calling upon One, and to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names." This verse was addressed to him ﷺ because the polytheists, as it is said, heard the Prophet ﷺ calling upon his Lord with: "O our Lord Allah" and "O our Lord the Merciful" — they supposed that he was calling upon two gods. So Allah sent down this verse upon His Prophet ﷺ as a proof for His Prophet against them.
Mention of the report to which we alluded: Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Kathīr related to me, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Wāqid, on the authority of Abū al-Jawzāʾ, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās. He said: "The Prophet ﷺ was prostrate in prayer and called out: 'O Merciful, O Compassionate.' The polytheists said: 'This one claims that he calls upon One, but he calls upon two at once.' Then Allah sent down: قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَنَ أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى (Say: call upon Allah or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names) ... the verse.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to me, on the authority of al-Awzāʿī, on the authority of Makhūl, that the Prophet ﷺ "one night at Mecca performed the voluntary night prayer and in his prostrate prayer said: 'O Merciful, O Compassionate.' A man of the polytheists heard him; the next morning he said to his companions: 'Take note of what Ibn Abī Kabsha said — this night he called upon the Merciful who is in al-Yamāma' — and there was at al-Yamāma a man who was called al-Rahmān. Then there came down: قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَنَ أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى (Say: call upon Allah or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names)."
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَنَ أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى (Say: call upon Allah or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names).
Muhammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀsim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Hārith related to me, saying: al-Hasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا (by whichever name you call): "by whichever of His names it may be."
Mūsā ibn Sahl related to me, saying: Muhammad ibn Bakkār al-Basrī related to us, saying: Hammād ibn ʿĪsā related to me, on the authority of ʿUbayd ibn al-Tufayl al-Juhanī, saying: Ibn Jurayj related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, on the authority of Makhūl, on the authority of ʿArrāk ibn Mālik, on the authority of Abū Hurayra, on the authority of the Prophet ﷺ, who said: "Allah has ninety-nine names, all of them in the Qurʾān — whoever counts them all and retains them enters Paradise."
Abū Jaʿfar said: The addition of "mā" in His word أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا (by whichever name you call) has two possible functions: either it is an expletive without grammatical function, as in the verse: عَمَّا قَلِيلٍ لَيُصْبِحُنَّ نَادِمِينَ (In a little while they will surely become regretful) (23:40); or it has the meaning of "in": it was repeated because the expression of the two differed, as one says: "mā in raʾaytu ka-l-laylati laylatan" (I have never seen such a night as this night).
His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that): The exegetes differed concerning what is meant by "the prayer (al-salāh)." Some said: what is meant here is "be not loud in your supplication (duʿāʾ) nor whisper in it, but keep it between that" — and they say that by "the prayer" in this place the supplication is meant.
* Mention of who said that:
Yahyā ibn ʿĪsā al-Dāmaghānī related to me, saying: Ibn al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "Concerning the supplication."
Bashshār related to us, saying: Hishām ibn ʿUrwa related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha: "It came down concerning the supplication."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha: likewise.
Al-Hasan ibn ʿArafa related to us, saying: ʿAbbād ibn al-ʿAwwām related to us, on the authority of Ashaʿth ibn Sawwār, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning the word of Allah the Exalted وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "People used to be loud in the supplication; when this verse came down, they were commanded not to be loud and not to whisper."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Hammād related to us, on the authority of ʿAmr ibn Mālik al-Bakrī, on the authority of Abū al-Jawzāʾ, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha: "It came down concerning the supplication."
Matar ibn Muhammad al-Dabbī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Dāwūd related to us, saying: Sharīk related to us, on the authority of Ziyād ibn Fayyād, on the authority of Abū ʿAyyādh, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "the supplication."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm al-Hajarī, on the authority of Abū ʿAyyādh: "It came down concerning the supplication."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sharīk related to us, on the authority of Ziyād ibn Fayyād, on the authority of Abū ʿAyyādh: likewise.
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of one whom he named, on the authority of ʿAtāʾ: "It came down concerning the supplication."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Hakam, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning this verse وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "concerning the supplication."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Hakam, on the authority of Mujāhid: "It came down concerning the supplication."
Muhammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀsim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Hārith related to me, saying: al-Hasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "concerning the supplication and the entreaty."
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Hajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: likewise.
Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of Layth, on the authority of Mujāhid: "It came down concerning the supplication and the entreaty."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Yahyā related to us, saying: Sufyān related to me, saying: Qays ibn Muslim related to us, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "concerning the supplication."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Abū Ahmad al-Zubayrī related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ibn ʿAyyāsh al-ʿĀmirī, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Shaddād, saying: "Bedouins, after the greeting of the Prophet ﷺ, would say: 'O Allah, grant us camels and children.' Then this verse came down: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it)."
Al-Hasan ibn Yahyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "concerning the supplication."
Ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ ... the verse: "concerning the supplication and the entreaty."
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to me, on the authority of al-Awzāʿī, on the authority of Makhūl: " وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): that refers to the supplication."
Others said: by this the ritual prayer (al-salāh) is meant. This view too was divided among themselves: some said that the prohibition of loudness refers to the Qurʾān recitation.
* Mention of who said that:
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Abū Bishr informed us, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, saying: "This verse came down while the Prophet ﷺ was in concealment. وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it) — for when he prayed with his companions and raised his voice with the Qurʾān, the polytheists heard that and reviled the Qurʾān, the one who sent it down, and the one who brought it. Allah said to His Prophet ﷺ: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ (be not loud in your prayer) such that the polytheists hear it, وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (nor be too quiet in it) with regard to your companions, such that you do not let them hear the Qurʾān until they learn it from you."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd related to us, saying: Bishr ibn ʿAmāra related to us, on the authority of Abū Rawq, on the authority of al-Dahhāk, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "The Prophet of Allah ﷺ raised his voice in the recitation of the Qurʾān in the Qurʾān with the Muslims, and that was hard upon the polytheists when they heard it — they harassed the Prophet ﷺ by abusing and belittling him, and that was at Mecca. So Allah sent down: O Muhammad, لا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ (be not loud in your prayer): that is, do not proclaim the Qurʾān recitation so loudly that the polytheists hear it and harass you, and وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِالقِرَاءَةِ بِالقُرْآنِ (nor whisper the recitation of the Qurʾān): that is, do not lower your voice such that you do not let your own ears hear it. وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that): that is, seek between proclamation and loudness on the one hand, and whispering and softness on the other, a way — not excessively loud and not so soft that you do not let your own ears hear it. That was the measure. When the Prophet ﷺ emigrated to Medina, all of this lapsed — he was thereafter permitted to do whatever he wished."
It was related to me on the authority of al-Husayn, saying: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd related to us, saying: I heard al-Dahhāk say concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا ... the verse: "This was when the Prophet of Allah ﷺ was at Mecca — when he prayed with his companions and raised his voice with the recitation, the polytheists heard it and attacked him. Allah commanded him to lower his voice such that his enemy did not hear it, and not to whisper such that he did not let his companions behind him hear it — Allah commanded him to seek a way between that."
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of al-Aʿmash, on the authority of Jaʿfar ibn Iyās, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, saying: "The Prophet ﷺ raised his voice with the Qurʾān; when the polytheists heard his voice, they reviled the Qurʾān and the one who brought it. Then the Prophet ﷺ would lower the Qurʾān, but his companions would then hear nothing of his recitation. So Allah sent down: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that)."
Muhammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Hasan ibn Shaqīq related to us, saying: I heard my father say: Abū Hamza informed us, on the authority of al-Aʿmash, on the authority of Jaʿfar ibn Iyās, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "When the Prophet ﷺ raised his voice and the polytheists heard it, they reviled the Qurʾān and the one who brought it; when he softened it, his companions did not hear it." Allah said: وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that)."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Yūnus related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Ishāq related to us, saying: Dāwūd ibn al-Husayn related to me, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, saying: "When the Prophet ﷺ recited the Qurʾān loudly during his prayer, they dispersed and refused to listen. Anyone who wished to hear something of what the Prophet ﷺ recited during his prayer would listen stealthily without their knowledge — if he saw that they noticed he was listening, he went away out of fear of their attack and listened no more. If the Prophet ﷺ lowered his voice, the listeners heard nothing of his recitation. So Allah sent down to him: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ (be not loud in your prayer) such that they turn away from you, وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (nor be too quiet in it) such that you do not let the one who wished to hear it reach it — one who hears it stealthily without their knowledge, so that he may perhaps take to heart something of what he hears and benefit by it — وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that)."
Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Yaʿqūb related to us, on the authority of Jaʿfar, on the authority of Saʿīd, saying: "The Prophet ﷺ recited the Qurʾān loudly in the Sacred Mosque; Quraysh said: 'Be not loud in your recitation, lest you insult our gods, and then we shall revile your Lord.' Then Allah sent down: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا ... the verse."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Abū Bishr informed us, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "It came down upon the Prophet of Allah ﷺ while he was concealing himself at Mecca. When he prayed with his companions and raised his voice with the Qurʾān, the polytheists heard that and reviled the Qurʾān, the one who sent it down, and the one who brought it. Allah said to His Prophet ﷺ: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ (be not loud in your prayer) — that is, in your recitation — such that the polytheists hear it and revile the Qurʾān, وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (nor be too quiet in it) with regard to your companions such that you do not let them hear it. وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that)."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Abū Ahmad related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of al-Aʿmash, on the authority of Jaʿfar ibn Iyās, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "concerning the recitation."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Abū Bishr, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, concerning this verse وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "When the Prophet ﷺ raised his voice, his companions found that beautiful; when the polytheists heard it, they reviled him. Then this verse came down."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, on the authority of Salama, on the authority of ʿAlqama, on the authority of Muhammad ibn Sīrīn, saying: "It has been related to me that Abū Bakr, when he prayed and recited, would lower his voice, and that ʿUmar would raise his voice. Abū Bakr was asked: 'Why do you do that?' He said: 'I confide in my Lord, and He knows my need.' It was said: 'Well done.' ʿUmar was asked: 'Why do you do that?' He said: 'I drive away the devil and rouse the drowsy.' It was said: 'Well done.' When there came down: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that), Abū Bakr was told: 'Raise it somewhat,' and ʿUmar was told: 'Lower it somewhat.'"
Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Yahyā ibn Wādih related to us, saying: Hassān ibn Ibrāhīm related to us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm al-Sāʾigh, on the authority of ʿAtāʾ, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "Some people say that it concerns the prayer, and others say that it concerns the supplication."
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that): "The Prophet of Allah was at Mecca — when the polytheists heard his voice, they pelted everything wicked at his head. Allah commanded him to subdue his voice, and to keep his prayer for Him and his Lord. And it was said: what you can hear with your ears is no whispering."
Al-Hasan ibn Yahyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "The Prophet ﷺ raised his voice during the prayer — then he was attacked. It was said: 'Do not raise your voice such that you are harassed, but do not whisper either, but seek a way between that.'"
Others said: the meaning is: "be not loud in the tashahhud (testimony) of your prayer, nor be too quiet in it."
* Mention of who said that:
Abū al-Sāʾib related to me, saying: Hafs ibn Ghiyāth related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, on the authority of ʿĀʾisha: "This verse came down concerning the tashahhud: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it)."
Abū al-Sāʾib related to me, saying: Hafs related to us, on the authority of Ashaʿth, on the authority of Ibn Sīrīn: likewise. And he added: "A Bedouin used to say loudly: 'Al-tahiyyātu li-llāh wa-l-salawātu li-llāh' — he raised his voice in it. Then there came down: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ (be not loud in your prayer)."
Others said: the Prophet of Allah ﷺ prayed at Mecca openly and was commanded to conceal it.
* Mention of who said that:
Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Yahyā ibn Wādih related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, on the authority of Yazīd, on the authority of ʿIkrima and al-Hasan al-Basrī, who both said: "This was said in the sūrat Banū Isrāʾīl: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that). The Prophet of Allah ﷺ prayed openly when he prayed — that troubled the polytheists at Mecca, until he and his companions kept their prayer concealed. Hence Allah said: وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that)." And in the sūrat al-Aʿrāf it stands: وَاذْكُرْ رَبَّكَ فِي نَفْسِكَ تَضَرُّعًا وَخِيفَةً وَدُونَ الْجَهْرِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ بِالْغُدُوِّ وَالآصَالِ وَلا تَكُنْ مِنَ الْغَافِلِينَ (and remember your Lord within yourself, in humility and fear, and without loudness in speech, in the mornings and the evenings, and be not of the heedless) (7:205)."
Others said: the meaning is: "be not loud in your prayer by adorning it openly, nor be too quiet in it by neglecting it in secret."
* Mention of who said that:
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Hasan, that he said concerning وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "that is, do not display it openly nor conceal it in secret. وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that)."
Al-Hasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us: "al-Hasan said concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): 'Do not adorn it openly nor cover it up in secret.'"
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, on the authority of ʿAwf, on the authority of al-Hasan, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "Do not display it openly nor conceal it in secret."
ʿAlī ibn al-Hasan al-Azraqī related to me, saying: al-Ashaʿjī related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Mansūr, on the authority of al-Hasan, concerning وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "Adorn it openly, but cover it in secret."
ʿAlī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it): "Do not pray for show before the people, but do not omit it out of fear either."
Others said what Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it, but seek a way between that): "The way between that is the prayer as Gabriel set it forth to him, which the Muslims follow." And he said: "The People of the Book (ahl al-kitāb) whispered, whereupon one of them would suddenly cry out a word and they would cry out the same word after him. Allah forbade both crying out as the People of the Book cry out, and whispering as that people whisper. The way between that was the prayer as Gabriel had set it forth to him."
The most correct view concerning this, in my judgment, is what we mentioned on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās in the report transmitted by Abū Jaʿfar, on the authority of Saʿīd, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — because that is the most correct chain of transmission brought out from a Companion, and the view most in accord with what the apparent meaning of the revelation indicates. For His word وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا (and be not loud in your prayer nor be too quiet in it) follows immediately upon His word قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَنَ أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى (Say: call upon Allah or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names) and upon the reproof of the unbelievers for their disbelief in the Qurʾān and their turning away from it and from faith. If that is so, then the most fitting and most concordant interpretation of وَلا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلاتِكَ وَلا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا is that it concerns the same matter as the context before it — so long as there is no meaning that shows it has departed from that, nor any indication of such a departure.
If that is so, the import of the passage is: "Say: call upon Allah or call upon the Merciful — by whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. Be not loud, O Muhammad, in your recitation during your prayer and your invocation of your Lord in it and your entreaty and your remembrance in it — lest the polytheists harass you because of your loudness. And whisper not in it, such that your companions do not hear it. وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that) — rather seek a way between the loud and the whispering, such that you let your companions hear it but the polytheists do not hear it and harass you." Had it not been that the views of the exegetes had already proceeded as I have mentioned, and that we are not permitted to depart from what has come from them, then another interpretation would also have been possible which says: "be not loud in your prayer in which We have commanded you to whisper — that is the day prayer, which is performed silently — and whisper not in your prayer in which We have commanded you loudness — that is the night prayer, for in it recitation is aloud." وَابْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَبِيلا (but seek a way between that) — by reciting aloud in the prayer in which We have commanded you loudness, and being silent in the prayer in which We have commanded you to whisper: not loud in all the prayers, and not whispering in all the prayers. This was a position not far removed from the correct one, but we do not deem it correct because of the consensus of the Qurʾān exegetes upon the contrary. If one asks: what then is this recitation that lies between the loud and the whispering?
It was related to me: Matar ibn Muhammad related to us, saying: Qutayba and Wahb ibn Jarīr related to us, they said: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Ashaʿth ibn Sulaym, on the authority of al-Aswad ibn Hilāl, saying: ʿAbd Allāh said: "Whoever lets his own ears hear it has not whispered."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Ashaʿth, on the authority of al-Aswad ibn Hilāl, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh: likewise.