Tafseer of The Night Journey · Al-Israa · 17:102
[Moses] said, "You have already known that none has sent down these [signs] except the Lord of the heavens and the earth as evidence, and indeed I think, O Pharaoh, that you are destroyed."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The Qurʾān reciters differed concerning the reading of His word ( لَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ ) ("verily, you know"). Most of the reciters of the cities read it as ( لَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ ) with fatḥa on the tāʾ, in the manner of an address by Mūsā directed to Pharaoh. But it is related from ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (may the good pleasure of Allah be upon him) that in this case he read "لَقَدْ عَلِمْتُ" with ḍamma on the tāʾ, in the manner of a report by Mūsā about himself. For whoever reads it according to this reading, the interpretation of His word إِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَا مُوسَى مَسْحُورًا ("Verily, I suspect of you, O Mūsā, that you are bewitched") would have to be as follows: "I suspect that you are bewitched, so that you imagine that you are speaking what is correct while it is not correct." This is a possible interpretation, except that the reading upon which the reciters of the cities rely is in conflict with it, and it is not permissible in our view to deviate from the authoritative proof (al-ḥujja) in that which has been transmitted from a reading concerning which there is consensus.
Moreover, Allah, exalted is His mention, has informed concerning Pharaoh and his people that they denied that which Mūsā brought them of the nine signs, despite their knowledge that these were from Allah, with His word: وَأَدْخِلْ يَدَكَ فِي جَيْبِكَ تَخْرُجْ بَيْضَاءَ مِنْ غَيْرِ سُوءٍ فِي تِسْعِ آيَاتٍ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ وَقَوْمِهِ إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا قَوْمًا فَاسِقِينَ * فَلَمَّا جَاءَتْهُمْ آيَاتُنَا مُبْصِرَةً قَالُوا هَذَا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ * وَجَحَدُوا بِهَا وَاسْتَيْقَنَتْهَا أَنْفُسُهُمْ ظُلْمًا وَعُلُوًّا ("And put your hand into your bosom; it will come forth white, without blemish — among nine signs — to Pharaoh and his people; verily, they were a corrupt people (fāsiqīn). But when Our signs came to them, made visible, they said: 'This is clear sorcery.' And they rejected them, while their own souls were certain of them, out of injustice and arrogance."). Thus He, exalted is His praise, informed that they said: it is sorcery, despite their knowledge and the certainty of their own souls that the signs were from Allah. Likewise His word ( لَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ ) ("verily, you know") is merely a report from Mūsā to Pharaoh that he knew that they were signs of Allah. And it is related from Ibn ʿAbbās that he relied in this matter upon the same proof as that which we have mentioned.
He said: al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Abū Bishr informed us, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, that he used to read ( لَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ ) "verily, you know, O Pharaoh" with naṣb (fatḥa on the tāʾ) ( مَا أَنـزلَ هَؤُلاءِ إِلا رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ ) ("none has sent these down except the Lord of the heavens and the earth"), after which he recited: وَجَحَدُوا بِهَا وَاسْتَيْقَنَتْهَا أَنْفُسُهُمْ ظُلْمًا وَعُلُوًّا ("And they rejected them, while their own souls were certain of them, out of injustice and arrogance"). If that is so, then the interpretation of the word is: Mūsā said to Pharaoh: "Verily, you know, O Pharaoh, that none has sent down these nine clear signs — which I have shown you as a proof for me of the truthfulness of that to which I call you, and as a witness for me of the truth and correctness of my word that I am a messenger of Allah — none other than the Lord of the heavens and the earth has sent me to you, for none other than He is capable of that or anything like it." And "proofs of insight (baṣāʾir)": by them the signs are meant, that they are insight-giving for whoever gains insight through them, and a guidance for whoever lets himself be guided by them; whoever sees them recognizes thereby that whoever brings them is upon the truth, and that they are from Allah and not from another, since they are wonders of which none is capable, nor of even one of them, except the Lord of the heavens and the earth. And it is the plural of baṣīra.
And His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَا فِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ) ("And verily, I suspect of you, O Pharaoh, that you are mathbūr") means: I suspect of you, O Pharaoh, that you are accursed, withheld from good. The Arabs say: "What has withheld you (mā thabaraka) from this matter?" — that is: what has held you back from it and what has turned you away from it? "Thabarahu Allāh, fa-huwa yuthbiruhu wa-yathburuhu" are two linguistic variants. And a man who is mathbūr: withheld from good, lost. From this also is the word of the poet:
"When I vied with the devil upon the path of error, and whoever follows his inclination is mathbūr (damned)."
And in agreement with what we have said concerning the interpretation of this, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kilābī related to us, saying: Abū Khālid al-Aḥmar related to us, saying: ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh related to us, on the authority of al-Minhāl ibn ʿAmr, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَافِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): he said: accursed.
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Marwān ibn Muʿāwiya related to us, saying: ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Thaqafī informed us, on the authority of al-Minhāl, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, the same.
ʿAlī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَافِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): he says: accursed.
And others said: rather it means: I suspect of you, O Pharaoh, that you are overcome.
* Mention of who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَافِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): that is: overcome.
It was related to me on the authority of al-Ḥusayn, saying: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd related to us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَافِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): he says: overcome.
And some of them said: its meaning is: I suspect of you, O Pharaoh, that you are perished (hālik).
* Mention of who said that:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us, both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: mathbūr: that is, perished (hālik).
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَا فِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): that is, perished (hālik).
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.
Al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, with something similar.
And others said: it means: I suspect of you that you are a falsifier and alterer (mubaddil mughayyir).
* Mention of who said that:
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mūsā related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā ibn Mūsā, on the authority of ʿAṭiyya ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَافِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): he said: a falsifier (mubaddil).
And others said: it means: devoid of intellect, one without reason.
* Mention of who said that:
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word ( وَإِنِّي لأَظُنُّكَ يَا فِرْعَوْنُ مَثْبُورًا ): he said: when a human being has no intellect, what then benefits him of anything? — that is: when he has no intellect by which he benefits in his religion and his livelihood, then the Arabs call him mathbūr. He said: I suspect that you have no intellect, O Pharaoh. He said: while he feared him and his tongue did not utter that he would say this to Pharaoh, Allah opened his breast, and then he dared to say to him more than what Allah had commanded him.
And we have already explained earlier what is most correct in this regard.
------------------
The footnotes:
The verse is by ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zibaʿrā, from a fragment of four verses, which he uttered when he came as a Muslim to the Prophet ﷺ, apologizing for what had escaped him of lampoons against him, to which Quraysh had incited him. The first two verses of it are:
"O messenger of the King, verily my tongue mends what I tore when I was lost (būr). When I vied with the devil upon the path of error, and whoever follows his inclination is mathbūr (damned)."
Al-rātiq: the one who closes up the tear. One says: "irtaqtu al-shayʾ" when one mends and closes something up. And "fataqtu": that is, in religion, for every sin is a tear and a rending, and every repentance (tawba) is a mending. For that reason it is said "al-tawba naṣūḥ," derived from "naṣaḥtu al-thawb" when one sews the garment; and al-niṣāḥ is the thread. And būr: lost. One says: a man is būr and bāʾir, and a people is būr. And "ubārī": I vie and I confront. That is a reading-variant in the verse. And al-sanan (with fatḥa): the middle of the road. And mathbūr: lost. Here lies the point of the proof for the author. He said: "thabarahu Allāh yathbiruhu wa-yathburuhu" (like naṣara and ḍaraba) are two linguistic variants. And a man who is mathbūr: withheld from good, lost.
(5) Thus in the original, and the context is disrupted.