Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:126
And if you punish [an enemy, O believers], punish with an equivalent of that with which you were harmed. But if you are patient - it is better for those who are patient.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, the Exalted, says to the believers: If you, O believers, wish to punish the one who wronged you and attacked you, then punish him with the like measure of the punishment with which your wrongdoer afflicted you. But if you show patience regarding punishing him, and take into account before Allah the wrong that he did to you, and leave his affair to Him so that He is the One who undertakes his punishment — لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ — Allah says: The patient endurance of punishing him is, for that reason, better for the people of patience, out of reckoning with Allah and seeking His reward. For Allah recompenses him for the pleasure of the revenge that he wished to take upon his wrongdoer for his wrongdoing against him with the pleasure of victory. The pronoun in لَهُوَ refers to patience, and this is appropriate — even though patience was not mentioned before it — because of the indication of His word وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ pointing to it.
The exegetes differed concerning the reason why this verse was revealed and concerning the question whether it is abrogated or still in force. Some said: It was revealed because the Prophet ﷺ and his companions on the Day of Uḥud swore an oath — after the polytheists had done to the slain of the Muslims what they did in the way of mutilating them — that they would surpass that in mutilation if they should ever overcome them. Allah forbade them that through this verse and commanded them to limit themselves to equal retaliation if they should overcome, and then commanded them to abandon mutilation and to prefer patience over it with His word وَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ . By that, according to them, He abrogated what He had permitted them of mutilation.
Those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: al-Muʿtamir related to us, he said: I heard Dāwūd, on the authority of ʿĀmir: The Muslims said, after the polytheists on the Day of Uḥud had done to their slain what they did: "If we overcome them, we will do such and such." Allah, the Exalted, then revealed: وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ . They said: We will be patient.
Muḥammad ibn al-Muthannā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Wahhāb related to us, he said: Dāwūd related to us, on the authority of ʿĀmir: he said: When the Muslims saw what the polytheists did to their slain on the Day of Uḥud — the opening of the bellies, the cutting off of the genitals, and the severe mutilation — they said: "If Allah gives us victory over them, we will do such and such." Allah revealed concerning them: وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ * وَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ .
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of some of his companions, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ ibn Yasār: he said: The entire sūra al-Naḥl was revealed in Mecca and is Meccan, except three verses at the end, revealed in Medina after Uḥud, when Ḥamza was killed and mutilated. The Prophet ﷺ said: "If we overcome them, we will mutilate thirty men of them." When the Muslims heard that, they said: "By Allah, if we overcome them, we will mutilate them with a mutilation never before inflicted by an Arab on anyone." Allah then revealed: وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ … to the end of the sūra.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us: he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda concerning وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ : the Muslims said on the Day of Uḥud the foregoing: "If we overcome them …" and so on. Allah said: وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ … up to His word لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ , then He said: وَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ .
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj: he said: When the mutilations occurred among the people of Uḥud, the Muslims said: "If we get hold of them, we will mutilate them." Allah said: وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ . Then Allah commanded and made known that there is to be no mutilating and forbade mutilation. He said: The disbelievers mutilated the slain of Uḥud, except Ḥanẓala ibn al-Rāhib — the father, Abū ʿĀmir, was with Abū Sufyān, and so they left Ḥanẓala untouched on that account.
Others said: This was abrogated by His word in Barāʾa: اقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ . They said: His word وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ was an announcement from Allah to the believers that they should not begin armed fighting (qitāl) until they (the polytheists) began with it, for He said: وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ وَلَا تَعْتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ .
Those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: My father related to me, he said: My uncle related to me, he said: My father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās concerning His word وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ : he said: This is an announcement from Allah to His Prophet that he fights whoever fights him. He said: Then Barāʾa was revealed, and the lapsing of the sacred months. He said: This therefore belongs to the abrogated.
Others said: Rather, Allah, the Exalted, intended by His word وَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ specifically the Prophet of Allah and not the rest of his companions. So the command to patience was for him a fixed command from Allah for him alone, not for them.
Those who said that:
Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ : he said: Allah commanded them to forgive with respect to the polytheists. Then men of power embraced Islam and said: "O Messenger of Allah, if Allah permitted us, we would take vengeance upon those dogs." Then the Qurʾān came down: وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَئِنْ صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِلصَّابِرِينَ . And you, O Muhammad, be patient, and let not your breast be straitened because of those who take vengeance. And your patience is only with the help of Allah. Then this was abrogated and he was given the command to wage jihad against them; so all of this is abrogated.
Others said: By these two verses nothing was intended of what these mentioned. Rather, by them it was intended that whoever is wronged by a wrong, it is not permitted for him to take from the wrongdoer more than the wrongdoer took from him. They said: The verse is in force and not abrogated.
Those who said that:
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Khālid, on the authority of Ibn Sīrīn concerning وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ : he said: If a man took something from you, take the like measure from him.
Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: he said: If he took something from you, take the like measure from him. Al-Ḥasan said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq said: Sufyān said: And they say: If he took a dinar from you, take only a dinar from him, and if he took something from you, take only the like measure of that thing.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ : do not transgress the limit.
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, something similar.
The correct view in this matter is to say: Allah, the Exalted, commanded the one of the believers who was punished with a punishment to punish the one who punished him with the like measure of what befell him — if he chooses to punish him. And He informed him that patient endurance of punishing him, given what had passed from him toward him, is better. And He bound His Prophet ﷺ to show patience. For this is the apparent text of the revelation, and the interpretations that we mentioned from those from whom we mentioned them are all possible by the verse. When that is so, and there is no indication in the verse — neither in transmitted report nor in reason — as to which of those interpretations was intended by it, it is incumbent upon us not to direct its ruling to a specific case for which there is no indication. And to say: it is a verse in force — Allah, the Exalted, commanded His servants not to transgress, in what is rightfully due to them against others of a right, whether property or life, beyond the right that Allah established for them against the other; and that it is not abrogated, since there is no indication for abrogation, and since the view that it is in force has an intelligible and correct standing.