Tafseer of Hud · Hud · 11:20
Those were not causing failure [to Allah] on earth, nor did they have besides Allah any protectors. For them the punishment will be multiplied. They were not able to hear, nor did they see.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of the words of Allah the Exalted: أُولَئِكَ لَمْ يَكُونُوا مُعْجِزِينَ فِي الأَرْضِ وَمَا كَانَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءَ يُضَاعَفُ لَهُمُ الْعَذَابُ مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ (They were not able to escape [Allah] on earth, and they had no protectors besides Allah. The punishment will be doubled for them. They were not able to hear, nor did they see.) (11:20)
Abū Jaʿfar says: Allah — exalted be His remembrance — means by His words أُولَئِكَ لَمْ يَكُونُوا مُعْجِزِينَ فِي الأَرْضِ (They were not able to escape [Allah] on earth): these people, of whom Allah — exalted be His praise — has described that they turn [people] away from the path of Allah. Allah — exalted be His praise — says: They are not those who could escape their Lord by fleeing from Him on earth, when He wills to punish them and to take vengeance upon them. Rather, they are in His grip and His power — they cannot withdraw themselves from Him when He intends them, and they cannot evade Him by fleeing when He pursues them.
وَمَا كَانَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءَ (and they had no protectors besides Allah): that is to say: these polytheists (mushrikīn) had, when Allah willed to punish them, no helpers besides Allah who would assist them against Allah and intervene between them and Him when He would torment them. In the worldly life they did have a certain protection with which they defended themselves against people who wished to do them harm.
As for His words: يُضَاعَفُ لَهُمُ الْعَذَابُ (The punishment (ʿadhāb) will be doubled for them): Allah — exalted be His remembrance — says: the punishment for them will be increased, so that for them, in place of one [portion], two [portions] are made.
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As for His words: مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ (They were not able to hear, nor did they see): there is disagreement concerning its interpretation.
Some say: by this Allah has described these polytheists (mushrikīn), [namely] that He has sealed their hearing and their eyes, and that they do not hear the Truth and do not see the proofs (ḥujaj) of Allah — not the hearing of one who benefits from it, and not the seeing of one who is guided.
*Mention of those who say this:*
18092 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, [concerning] His words: مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ : "Deaf to the Truth — they do not hear it; mute — they do not utter it; blind — they do not see it and derive no benefit from it."
18093 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, [concerning] مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ : he said: "They were not able to hear any good so as to benefit from it, and they were not able to see any good so as to act upon it."
18094 — Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: ʿAbdullāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: "Allah — subḥānahu — has informed [us] that He has placed [a barrier] between the people of shirk (the ascribing of partners to Allah) and His obedience, in the worldly life and in the Hereafter. As for the worldly life: He said مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ — that is: His obedience — وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ . And as for the Hereafter: He said فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ * خَاشِعَةً [Surah Al-Qalam (68:42-43)]."
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Others say: by His words وَمَا كَانَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءَ are meant the gods of those who turn [people] away from the path of Allah. They say: the meaning of the passage is: "They — and their gods — لَمْ يَكُونُوا مُعْجِزِينَ فِي الأَرْضِ يُضَاعَفُ لَهُمُ الْعَذَابُ مَا كَانُوا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ السَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا يُبْصِرُونَ " — where "the gods" are meant, namely that they had neither hearing nor sight. This is an opinion transmitted from Ibn ʿAbbās via a narration that I prefer not to mention because of the weakness of the chain.
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Others say: the meaning of this is: "The punishment is doubled for them on account of what they were able to hear but did not hear, and on account of what they were able to see but did not regard — the proofs (ḥujaj) of Allah with their own eyes — so that they might take a lesson from it." They say: the letter bāʾ (ب) ought to have been there, because [Allah] has said: وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْذِبُونَ [Surah Al-Baqarah (2:10)] — "because of their lying" — and in several places in the Revelation the bāʾ has been inserted. Its omission, however, is permissible in Arabic, as one says: "I shall surely requite you for that which you knew, and on the basis of that which you knew." This is an opinion of some of the language scholars of Arabic.
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Abū Jaʿfar says: As for us, the correct view on this is what Ibn ʿAbbās and Qatāda have said: that Allah — exalted be His remembrance — has described them as people who are not able to hear the Truth in the manner of one who benefits from it, and who do not see it in the manner of one who is guided — because of their preoccupation with the unbelief (kufr) in which they persisted, on account of which they did not use their limbs in obedience to Allah, even though they possessed hearing and sight.