Tafseer of Hud · Hud · 11:116
So why were there not among the generations before you those of enduring discrimination forbidding corruption on earth - except a few of those We saved from among them? But those who wronged pursued what luxury they were given therein, and they were criminals.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the words of Allah the Exalted: فَلَوْلا كَانَ مِنَ الْقُرُونِ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ أُولُو بَقِيَّةٍ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْفَسَادِ فِي الأَرْضِ إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ وَكَانُوا مُجْرِمِينَ (verse 116)
Abū Jaʿfar says: Allah the Exalted says by this: Why then were there not, from the generations whose accounts I have related to you in this surah — those whom I destroyed because of their disobedience to Me and their disbelief (kufr) in My messengers — from those who lived before you, people of "baqiyya" (أُولُو بَقِيَّةٍ)? That is to say: people possessing a remnant of understanding and intellect, who heed the admonitions of Allah and ponder His proofs, so that they know what faith (īmān) in Allah yields for them and what disbelief (kufr) in Him brings upon them — يَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْفَسَادِ فِي الأَرْضِ — that is to say: those who forbid the disobedient their disobedience, and forbid those who disbelieve in Allah their disbelief in Him, upon His earth.
إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ — that is to say: there were among the generations before you no people of a remnant (baqiyya) who forbade corruption on the earth, except a small number; for they were the ones who forbade corruption, and Allah saved them from His punishment, when He struck with His punishment those who persisted in disbelief (kufr) in Allah. These are the followers of the prophets and the messengers.
* * *
The word "qalīlan" (قَلِيلا) is in the accusative because the expression إِلا قَلِيلا constitutes a disconnected exception (istithnāʾ munqaṭiʿ) with respect to what precedes it, as He said: إِلا قَوْمَ يُونُسَ لَمَّا آمَنُوا (Surah Yūnus: 98). This we have set out in several places in a manner that makes repetition unnecessary.
* * *
In the direction of what we have said spoke also the exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl).
*Mention of who said that:*
18690 — Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: "He made an excuse and said: فَلَوْلا كَانَ مِنَ الْقُرُونِ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ — until he reached: إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ — for these are they who were saved when the punishment of Allah descended. And he recited: وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ ."
18691 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, concerning His word فَلَوْلا كَانَ مِنَ الْقُرُونِ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ أُولُو بَقِيَّةٍ — up to His word إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ — he said: "Allah regarded them as few from every people."
18692 — Muḥammad ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Ibn Abī ʿAdī related to us, on the authority of Dāwūd, who said: Bilāl asked me about the statement of al-Ḥasan concerning the qadar (divine predestination), he said: "I heard al-Ḥasan say: قِيلَ يَا نُوحُ اهْبِطْ بِسَلامٍ مِنَّا وَبَرَكَاتٍ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَى أُمَمٍ مِمَّنْ مَعَكَ وَأُمَمٌ سَنُمَتِّعُهُمْ ثُمَّ يَمَسُّهُمْ مِنَّا عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ — he said: Allah sent Hūd to ʿĀd, and Allah saved Hūd and those who believed with him, and those who had been granted ease perished. And Allah sent Ṣāliḥ to Thamūd, and Allah saved Ṣāliḥ, and those who had been granted ease perished. I kept going through the peoples, and he said: I see nothing other than that this is a good statement concerning the qadar."
18693 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: فَلَوْلا كَانَ مِنَ الْقُرُونِ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ أُولُو بَقِيَّةٍ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْفَسَادِ فِي الأَرْضِ إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ — that is to say: there were before you none who forbade corruption on the earth, إِلا قَلِيلا مِمَّنْ أَنْجَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ .
* * *
And His word وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ — Allah the Exalted says by this: the people who wronged themselves by disbelieving in Allah followed what had been granted to them of pleasure and enjoyment.
*Mention of who said that:*
18694 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās said concerning وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ : "That is to say: what had been deferred to them."
18695 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ : "Of their worldly goods."
It appears that these directed the explanation of the expression thus: the wrongdoers followed the enjoyment of the worldly life and its desires which their Lord had deferred to them, and preferred that over working for the Hereafter and what would save them from the punishment of Allah.
* * *
Others said: the meaning of that is: the wrongdoers followed the tyranny and the dominion that had been granted to them, and they stubbornly refused to follow the command of Allah.
*Mention of who said that:*
18696 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah وَاتَّبَعَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مَا أُتْرِفُوا فِيهِ : he said: "In their dominion and tyranny, and they abandoned the truth."
18697 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, with the like of it, except that he said: "and their abandonment of the truth."
18698 — Al-Qāsim related to me, saying: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, the like of the report of Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr word for word.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct statement concerning this is to say that Allah the Exalted has informed us that the wrongdoers from every perished people who disbelieved in Allah followed what had been deferred to them of the enjoyments of the worldly life; they exalted themselves arrogantly, disbelieved in Allah, followed what had been deferred to them of the enjoyments of the worldly life, exalted themselves arrogantly above the command of Allah, committed tyranny, and turned others away from His path.
* * *
And that is so because "al-mutraf" (المترف) in the Arabic language is the pampered person, who has been brought up in luxury and desires. Of this is the verse of the poet (he is Ruʾba):
We offer the heads of the pampered apostates, To the commander of the believers, whom we approach for gifts.
* * *
And His word وَكَانُوا مُجْرِمِينَ — that is to say: they were people who acquired disbelief (kufr) in Allah.