Tafseer of The Morning Star · At-Taariq · 86:4
There is no soul but that it has over it a protector.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
His statement: إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ ("there is no soul but that over it there is a guardian"). The Qurʾān reciters differed over its reading. Among the reciters of Medina, Abū Jaʿfar, and among the reciters of Kūfa, Ḥamza, read it as لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا with a doubling (tashdīd) of the mīm. And it is reported of al-Ḥasan that he too read it thus.
Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf related to me, saying: Abū ʿUbayd related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to us, on the authority of Hārūn, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, that he read it إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ with doubling, and he said: there is nothing but that over it there is a guardian; and so is everything in the Qurʾān with the strengthening (tathqīl). And the people of Medina, Nāfiʿ, and the people of Basra, Abū ʿAmr, read it as لَمَا with lightening (takhfīf), in the meaning: verily, over every soul there is a guardian, and on the basis that the lām is the answer to "in" (verily), and the "mā" that follows it is redundant (ṣila). And when that is so, then there is no doubling in it.
And the reading which I choose none other than, is the lightening (takhfīf) in it, because that is the well-known expression in the language of the Arabs, and a group of those who know the language of the Arabs have rejected that the doubling should be known from the language of the Arabs. Only al-Farrāʾ used to say: we do not know the nature of the strengthening in it, and we are of the opinion that it is a dialect among the tribe of Hudhayl, who make "illā" with the lightened "in" into "lammā", and go no further than that, as if he said: "there is no soul but that over it there is a guardian." If, then, what al-Farrāʾ mentioned is correct, that it is a dialect of Hudhayl, then reading with it is permitted and correct, although the preference — when that is established as correct with us — is nonetheless the other reading, namely the lightening, because that is what is well-known from the language of the Arabs, and it is not fitting that one should abandon the most well-known for the most strange.
And Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf related to me, saying: Abū ʿUbayd related to us, saying: Muʿādh related to us, on the authority of Ibn ʿAwn, saying: I read in the presence of Ibn Sīrīn: إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ , whereupon he rejected it and said: "Subḥān Allāh, Subḥān Allāh."
The explanation of the words is then: there is no soul but that over it there is a guardian from its Lord, who preserves its conduct and records against it what it performs of good or evil.
And in agreement with what we have said about this, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) have spoken.
* Mention of who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His statement: إنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ , he said: over every soul there are guardians from the angels.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His statement: إنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ : guardians who preserve your conduct, your provision, and your appointed term; when your term is completed, O son of Adam, you are taken away to your Lord.