Tafseer of The Heights · Al-A'raaf · 7:149
And when regret overcame them and they saw that they had gone astray, they said, "If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we will surely be among the losers."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of His word: وَلَمَّا سُقِطَ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ وَرَأَوْا أَنَّهُمْ قَدْ ضَلُّوا قَالُوا لَئِنْ لَمْ يَرْحَمْنَا رَبُّنَا وَيَغْفِرْ لَنَا لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ (149) ("And when it caused them remorse [literally: when it fell into their hands] and they saw that they had indeed gone astray, they said: 'If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we shall surely be among the losers.'") (7:149)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose remembrance is exalted, means by His word: "and when it fell into their hands": and when those who worshipped the calf — whose description the Exalted, whose praise is exalted, has given — became remorseful upon the return of Mūsā to them, and submitted to Mūsā and to his judgment concerning them.
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For thus indeed do the Arabs say of everyone who feels remorse over a matter that escaped him or passed him by, and who stands powerless before something: "it has fallen into his hands" (suqiṭa fī yadayhi) or "usqiṭa" — two eloquent linguistic variants. Its origin lies in the taking of captives in war (al-istiʾsār): that is, that a man strikes or throws down a man and casts him from his hands onto the ground in order to take him captive and bind him. The one who has been thrown is then "fallen into the hands" of the one who threw him. Therefore, of everyone who stands powerless before something, who submits on account of his incapacity, and who feels remorse over what he has said, it is said: "it has fallen into his hands" (suqiṭa fī yadayhi) or "usqiṭa".
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And by His word: "and they saw that they had indeed gone astray" He means: and they saw that they had indeed deviated from the right way, that they had strayed from the religion of Allah and had become disbelievers in their Lord. Remorseful and turning to Allah from their disbelief in Him, they said: "If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we shall surely be among the losers."
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Then the reciters differed over the recitation of this.
Some reciters of Medina, Mecca, Kūfa, and Baṣra recited it: (laʾin lam yarḥamnā rabbunā) with the nominative (rafʿ), in the manner of a statement.
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And most of the reciters of Kūfa recited it: (laʾin lam tarḥamnā rabbanā) with the accusative (naṣb), in the interpretation: if You do not have mercy upon us, O our Lord — in the manner of a direct address by them to their Lord. Those who recited it thus adduced as argument that in one of the two recitations it reads: (qālū rabbanā laʾin lam tarḥamnā rabbanā wa-taghfir lanā), and that this is an indication of the direct address.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: That which is most in agreement with what is correct is the recitation in the manner of the statement, with the yāʾ in (yarḥamnā) and with the nominative in His word: (rabbunā), because nothing precedes it that would require it to be directed toward direct address.
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And the recitation that has been transmitted in the manner in which we have mentioned that it is recited: (qālū rabbanā laʾin lam tarḥamnā), we do not know to be correct by way of which submission to it would be obligatory.
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And the meaning of His word: (if our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us) is: if our Lord does not turn to us in compassion with relenting through His mercy, and thereby does not cover our sins, we shall surely be among the lost whose deeds have been brought to naught.
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