Tabari

Tafseer of The Cattle · Al-An'aam · 6:19

قُلْ أَىُّ شَىْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَٰدَةًۭ ۖ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ ۖ شَهِيدٌۢ بَيْنِى وَبَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَأُوحِىَ إِلَىَّ هَٰذَا ٱلْقُرْءَانُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِۦ وَمَنۢ بَلَغَ ۚ أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ ٱللَّهِ ءَالِهَةً أُخْرَىٰ ۚ قُل لَّآ أَشْهَدُ ۚ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَٰهٌۭ وَٰحِدٌۭ وَإِنَّنِى بَرِىٓءٌۭ مِّمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ

Say, "What thing is greatest in testimony?" Say, "Allah is witness between me and you. And this Qur'an was revealed to me that I may warn you thereby and whomever it reaches. Do you [truly] testify that with Allah there are other deities?" Say, "I will not testify [with you]." Say, "Indeed, He is but one God, and indeed, I am free of what you associate [with Him]."

Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.

Tabari (1 passage)

  1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

    The explanation of His word: قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً قُلِ اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ ("Say: What thing is greatest as a testimony? Say: Allah is Witness between me and you.")

    Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose mention is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad (the Prophet ﷺ): Say, O Muḥammad, to these polytheists (mushrikīn) among your people who give you the lie and deny your prophethood: What thing is greatest and most considerable as a testimony? Then inform them that the greatest of things as a testimony is "Allah," in whose testimony nothing can occur of that which can occur in the testimony of others among His creatures — such as heedlessness, error, going astray, and lying. Then say to them: Verily, He who is the greatest of things as a testimony is Witness between me and you — concerning which of us is in the right and which is in the wrong, concerning which of us is rightly guided in his deed and his word and which is foolish; and we have accepted Him as Judge between us.

    * * *

    And in accordance with what we have said about this, the company of the exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl) have spoken.

    * Mention of who said that:

    13116 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word of Allah, the Exalted, whose mention is exalted: "What thing is greatest as a testimony," he said: Muḥammad was commanded to ask Quraysh, and then he was commanded to inform them, so that he says: "Allah is Witness between me and you."

    13117 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, something similar.

    * * *

    The explanation of His word: وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَذَا الْقُرْآنُ لأُنْذِرَكُمْ بِهِ وَمَنْ بَلَغَ ("And this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches.")

    Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose mention is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad (the Prophet ﷺ): Say to these polytheists who give you the lie: اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ ("Allah is Witness between me and you") = "and this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby" of His punishment, and so that I may warn thereby everyone among the remaining people besides you whom it reaches — if they do not desist from acting upon what is in it, permitting its permitted and forbidding its forbidden, and believing in the whole of it — of the descent of Allah's vengeance upon him.

    And in accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes have spoken.

    Mention of who said that:

    13118 — Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: "What thing is greatest as a testimony? Say: Allah is Witness between me and you, and this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," it was reported to us that the Prophet of Allah (the Prophet ﷺ) used to say: O people, transmit, even if it be but a single verse from the Book of Allah, for whoever has been reached by a verse from the Book of Allah, the command of Allah has reached him — whether he accepts it or abandons it.

    13119 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word: "so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," that the Prophet ﷺ said: Transmit on behalf of Allah, for whoever has been reached by a verse from the Book of Allah, the command of Allah has reached him.

    13120 — Hannād related to us, saying: Wakīʿ related to us = and Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: my father related to us = on the authority of Mūsā ibn ʿUbayda, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Kaʿb al-Quraẓī: "so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," he said: Whoever has been reached by the Qurʾān is like one who has seen the Prophet ﷺ. Then he recited: "and whomever it reaches. Do you then truly bear witness…"

    13121 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: Ḥumayd ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, on the authority of Ḥasan ibn Ṣāliḥ, saying: I asked Layth: Is there anyone left whom the call has not reached? He said: Mujāhid used to say: Wherever the Qurʾān comes, there it is a caller, and it is a warner. Then he recited: "so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches. Do you then truly bear witness…"

    13122 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: "and whomever it reaches," that is, whoever converts to Islam among the non-Arabs and others.

    13123 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, the same.

    13124 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: Khālid ibn Yazīd related to us, saying: Abū Maʿshar related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Kaʿb, concerning His word: "so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," he said: Whoever has been reached by the Qurʾān, Muḥammad (the Prophet ﷺ) has reached him with the message.

    13125 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: "and this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby," by which the inhabitants of Mecca are meant = "and whomever it reaches," that is: and whomever this Qurʾān reaches, for him it is a warner.

    13126 — Yūnus related to us, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: I heard Sufyān al-Thawrī relate — I know it only on the authority of Mujāhid — that he said concerning His word: "and this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby," the Arabs = "and whomever it reaches," the non-Arabs.

    13127 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," as for "whomever it reaches": that is whoever is reached by the Qurʾān, for him it is a warner.

    13128 — Yūnus ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word: "and this Qurʾān has been revealed to me so that I may warn you thereby, and whomever it reaches," he said, he says: Whoever is reached by the Qurʾān, I am his warner. And he recited: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ جَمِيعًا [Sūrat al-Aʿrāf: 158] ("O people, verily I am the Messenger of Allah to you all"). He said: So whoever is reached by the Qurʾān, for him the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is a warner.

    * * *

    Abū Jaʿfar said: The meaning of these words is therefore: so that I may warn you with the Qurʾān, O polytheists, and so that I may warn everyone among all people whom the Qurʾān reaches.

    * * *

    The word "man" (whoever) stands in the accusative position because "andhara" (to warn) governs it, and "balagha" (reaches) stands in its relative clause; the "hāʾ" (the referring pronoun) which refers back to "man" has been dropped in His word "balagha," because the Arabs use it thus in the relative clauses of "man," "mā," and "alladhī."

    The explanation of His word: أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً أُخْرَى قُلْ لا أَشْهَدُ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنَّنِي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ (19) ("Do you then truly bear witness that there are other gods alongside Allah? Say: I do not bear witness. Say: Verily, He is only one God, and verily I am free of what you associate as partners.")

    Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose mention is exalted, says to His Prophet Muḥammad (the Prophet ﷺ): Say to these polytheists, who deny your prophethood and who set up alongside Allah another lord equal to Him: "Do you truly bear witness," O polytheists = "that there are other gods alongside Allah," He says: do you bear witness that there are alongside Him other objects of worship — idols and false gods.

    * * *

    And He said "ukhrā" (other, feminine singular) and not "ukhar" (other, plural), though "the gods" is a plural, because plurals take the feminine gender, as the Exalted said: فَمَا بَالُ الْقُرُونِ الأُولَى [Sūrat Ṭā Hā: 51] ("What then is the state of the former generations?"), and He did not say "al-uwal" nor "al-awwalīn."

    * * *

    Then He said to His Prophet Muḥammad (the Prophet ﷺ): "Say," O Muḥammad = "I do not bear witness" to what you bear witness: that there are other gods alongside Allah, rather I deny and repudiate that = "Say: Verily, He is only one God," He says: verily, He is only one object of worship, who has no partner in what He deserves to receive from His creatures in the way of worship = "and verily I am free of what you associate as partners," He says: say: and verily I am free of every partner whom you invoke instead of Allah, whom you add to His partnership, and whom you worship alongside Him; I worship nothing besides Allah, and I invoke none other than Him as god.

    * * *

    And it has been mentioned that this verse came down concerning a certain group of the Jews, by a way whose authenticity has not been established, namely this:

    13129 — Hannād ibn al-Sarī and Abū Kurayb related this to us, both of them saying: Yūnus ibn Bukayr related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to me, saying: Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad, the freedman of Zayd ibn Thābit, related to me, saying: Saʿīd ibn Jubayr or ʿIkrima related to me, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, saying: Al-Naḥḥām ibn Zayd, Qardam ibn Kaʿb, and Baḥrī ibn ʿUmayr came and said: O Muḥammad, do you know alongside Allah another god besides Him? Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: There is no god but Allah; for that I was sent, and to that I call! Then Allah, the Exalted, sent down concerning them and concerning their statement: قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً قُلِ اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ ("Say: What thing is greatest as a testimony? Say: Allah is Witness between me and you") up to His word: لا يُؤْمِنُونَ ("they do not believe").

    Show original Arabic
    القول في تأويل قوله : قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً قُلِ اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: قل، يا محمد، لهؤلاء المشركين الذين يكذّبون ويجحدون نبوَّتك من قومك: أيُّ شيء أعظم شهادة وأكبر؟ ثم أخبرهم بأن أكبر الأشياء شهادة: " الله "، الذي لا يجوز أن يقع في شهادته ما يجوز أن يقع في [شهادة] غيره من خلقه من السهو والخطأ، والغلط والكذب. (1) ثم قل لهم: إن الذي هو أكبر الأشياء شهادة، شهيدٌ بيني وبينكم, بالمحقِّ منا من المبطل، والرشيد منا في فعله وقوله من السفيه, وقد رضينا به حكمًا بيننا. * * * وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال جماعة أهل التأويل: * ذكر من قال ذلك: 13116 - حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد في قول الله تعالى ذكره: " أيّ شيء أكبر شهادة " ، قال: أمر محمد أن يسأل قريشًا, ثم أمر أن يخبرهم فيقول: " الله شهيد بيني وبينكم " . 13117- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد, نحوه . * * * القول في تأويل قوله : وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَذَا الْقُرْآنُ لأُنْذِرَكُمْ بِهِ وَمَنْ بَلَغَ قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: قل لهؤلاء المشركين الذين يكذبونك: اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ =" وأوحي إليّ هذا القرآن لأنذركم به " عقابَه, وأُنذر به من بَلَغه من سائر الناس غيركم = إن لم ينته إلى العمل بما فيه، وتحليل حلاله وتحريم حرامه، والإيمان بجميعه = نـزولَ نقمة الله به. (2) وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال أهل التأويل. ذكر من قال ذلك : 13118 - حدثنا بشر قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد, عن قتادة قوله: " أيّ شيء أكبر شهادة قل الله شهيد بيني وبينكم وأوحي إليّ هذا القرآن لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، ذكر لنا أن نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كان يقول: يا أيها الناس، بلِّغوا ولو آية من كتاب الله, فإنه من بَلَغه آيةٌ من كتاب الله، فقد بلغه أمر الله, أخذه أو تركه. (3) 13119- حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر, عن قتادة في قوله: " لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: بلِّغوا عن الله, فمن بلغه آيه من كتاب الله, فقد بلغه أمر الله. 13120 - حدثنا هناد قال، حدثنا وكيع = وحدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي = عن موسى بن عبيدة, عن محمد بن كعب القرظي: " لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، قال: من بلغه القرآن، فكأنما رأى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم. ثم قرأ: " ومن بلغ أئنكم لتشهدون ". 13121 - حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا حميد بن عبد الرحمن , عن حسن بن صالح قال: سألت ليثًا: هل بقي أحدٌ لم تبلغه الدعوة ؟ قال: كان مجاهد يقول: حيثما يأتي القرآنُ فهو داعٍ، وهو نذير. ثم قرأ: " لأنذركم به ومن بلغ أئنكم لتشهدون ". 13122 - حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد: " ومن بلغ " ، من أسلم من العجم وغيرهم . 13123- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد, مثله . 13124- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا إسحاق قال، حدثنا خالد بن يزيد قال، حدثنا أبو معشر, عن محمد بن كعب في قوله: " لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، قال: من بلغه القرآن, فقد أبلغه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم . 13125 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية بن صالح, عن علي بن أبي طلحة, عن ابن عباس قوله: " وأوحي إليّ هذا القرآن لأنذركم به " ، يعني أهل مكة =" ومن بلغ " ، يعني: ومن بلغه هذا القرآن، فهو له نذير. 13126- حدثنا يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال: سمعت سفيان الثوري يحدّث, لا أعلمه إلا عن مجاهد: أنه قال في قوله: " وأوحي إليّ هذا القرآن لأنذركم به "، العرب =" ومن بلغ "، العجم. 13127 - حدثنا محمد بن الحسين قال، حدثنا أحمد بن المفضل قال، حدثنا أسباط, عن السدي: " لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، أما " من بلغ "، فمن بلغه القرآن فهو له نذير. 13128 - حدثني يونس بن عبد الأعلى قال : أخبرنا ابن وهب قال: قال ابن زيد في قوله: " وأوحي إلي هذا القرآن لأنذركم به ومن بلغ " ، قال يقول: من بلغه القرآن فأنا نذيره. وقرأ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ جَمِيعًا [سورة الأعراف: 158] . قال: فمن بلغه القرآن, فرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نذيره . * * * قال أبو جعفر: فمعنى هذا الكلام: لأنذركم بالقرآن، أيها المشركون، وأنذر من بلغه القرآن من الناس كلهم. * * * ف " من " في موضع نصب بوقوع " أنذر " عليه," وبلغ " في صلته, وأسقطت " الهاء " العائدة على " من " في قوله: " بلغ "، لاستعمال العرب ذلك في صلات " مَن " و " ما " و " الذي". (4) القول في تأويل قوله : أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً أُخْرَى قُلْ لا أَشْهَدُ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنَّنِي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ (19) قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم : قل لهؤلاء المشركين، الجاحدين نبوَّتك, العادلين بالله، ربًّا غيره: " أئنكم "، أيها المشركون =" لتشهدون أن مع الله آلهة أخرى ", يقول: تشهدون أنّ معه معبودات غيره من الأوثانَ والأصنام. * * * وقال: " أُخْرَى "، ولم يقل " أخَر "، و " الآلهة " جمع, لأن الجموع يلحقها، التأنيث, (5) كما قال تعالى : فَمَا بَالُ الْقُرُونِ الأُولَى [سورة طه: 51] ، ولم يقل: " الأوَل " ولا " الأوَّلين ". (6) * * * ثم قال لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: " قل " ، يا محمد =" لا أشهد "، بما تشهدون: أن مع الله آلهة أخرى, بل أجحد ذلك وأنكره =" قل إنما هو إله واحد " ، يقول: إنما هو معبود واحد, لا شريك له فيما يستوجب على خلقه من العبادة =" وإنني بريء مما تشركون " ، يقول: قل: وإنني بريء من كلّ شريك تدعونه لله، وتضيفونه إلى شركته، وتعبدونه معه, لا أعبد سوى الله شيئًا، ولا أدعو غيره إلهًا. * * * وقد ذكر أن هذه الآية نـزلت في قوم من اليهود بأعيانهم، من وجه لم تثبت صحته، وذلك ما:- 13129 - حدثنا به هناد بن السري وأبو كريب قالا حدثنا يونس بن بكير قال، حدثني محمد بن إسحاق قال، حدثني محمد بن أبي محمد مولى زيد بن ثابت قال، حدثني سعيد بن جبير أو عكرمة, عن ابن عباس قال، جاء النحَّام بن زيد، وقردم بن كعب، وبحريّ بن عمير فقالوا: يا محمد، ما تعلم مع الله إلهًا غيرَه؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: لا إله إلا الله، بذلك بعثت, وإلى ذلك أدعو! فأنـزل الله تعالى فيهم وفي قولهم: قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً قُلِ اللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ إلى قوله: لا يُؤْمِنُونَ . (7) ------------------ الهوامش : (1) الزيادة بين القوسين لا بد منها للسياق. (2) قوله: "نزول" منصوب ، مفعول به لقوله قبله: "وأنذر به من بلغه". = وانظر تفسير"الوحي" فيما سلف ص: 217 ، تعليق: 1 ، والمراجع هناك. (3) في المخطوطة: "أخذه أو تاركه" ، وجائر أن تقرأ: "آخذه أو تاركه". (4) انظر معاني القرآن 1: 329. (5) انظر تفسير"أخرى" فيما سلف 3: 459/6: 173. (6) انظر معاني القرآن للفراء 1: 329. (7) الأثر: 13129 - سيرة ابن هشام 2: 217 ، وهو تابع الأثر السالف رقم: 12284.هذا ، وقد مر هذا الإسناد مئات من المرات ، وهو إسناد أبي جعفر إلى ابن إسحق ، ثم من ابن إسحق إلى ابن عباس ، وهذه أول مرة يذكر أبو جعفر أن هذا الإسناد لم تثبت صحته عنده ، كما قدم قبل ذكره.